Recent Biblical Literature

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RECENT BIBLICAL LITERATURE

Julius Wellhausen celebrated his seventieth birthday on
May 17, 19 14. Friends and former students, headed by the
editor, Professor Marti, have united to do him honour by the
publication of a volume of scientific papers.' It is to be regretted
that the Committee decided to confine the invitations solely to
such scholars as were committed to the methods of Wellhausen ;
it seems the publication was intended to serve as a proof that
they were not antiquated nor in need of revision. For, in the
first place, a far greater number of men would have responded,
who though more or less at variance with the celebrant's position,
would have been glad to testify to their admiration of Wellhausen ;
and in the second place, science is not advanced by clinging to
this or that method, this or that position, if here and there new
paths have been opened and new points of view established. It
is easy to see against whom Marti's pointed shafts are directed ;
but withal it little behoves Biblical students in any camp to
detract from the merits of this scholar who has been a path-finder
and whose name has had international vogue.

We turn first to the end of the volume where a list of 235
publications from Wellhaueen's pen has been drawn up by
Professor Rahlfs. His first fruits dealt with the clans and families
of the tribe of Judah, enumerated at the head of I Chronicles.
With this dissertation submitted to the Theological Faculty of
the University of Gottingen went the usual theses which the
candidate was to publicly defend and which embraced a wide field
of theological knowledge. To some of them, the scholar made
reference in his later publications, as for instance, the derivation

' Siudien zur semitischen Philotogie und ReligionsgesMchie. Julius
Wellhausen zum siebzigsten Geburtstage am 17. Mai 1914 gewidmet von
Freunden und Schiilern und in ihrem Auftrag herausgegeben von Karl
Marti. Giessen : Alfred Topelmann, 1914. pp. xii + 388.

196 THE JEWISH QUARTERLY REVIEW

of miD from mjf. His first large work, published in 1871, dealt
with the text of the Books of Samuel. It has been a guide to all
younger men in the proper use of the ancient versions, particularly
of the LXX, for the purpose of textual criticism. He steered
a middle course between Thenius to whom every Greek word
meant a Hebrew equivalent and who failed to grasp the importance
of studying in a version the translator's mannerisms and exigen-
cies, and on the other hand, Geiger, who saw in every deviation
from the M.T. an intentional change, born of the conflict of
opinions among the various later sects. Three years later, a study
of the Pharisees and Sadducees was published with a clear leaning
on Geiger, though he by no means followed him through thick
and thin. A series of articles on Biblical Chronology and the
analysis of the Hexateuch paved the way for his great and best
known book, The History of Israel, later renamed Prolegomena to
the History of Israel, which meant the summing up of the
arguments for placing the Priestly portions of the Pentateuch in
post-exilic times, and a reconstruction of the history of Israel
nothing short of turning the traditional view upside down. We
younger men have heard of the storm of protest from all quarters
that ensued and how in both hemispheres the name of Wellhausen
became the subject of diatribes in pulpits of all churches. He
was at length forced out of his position in the Theological
Faculty and compelled to switch over to the Philosophical Faculty
in a minor Prussian university. From these years come his
works on Arabic literature and Arab religion, notably his book
on the remains of Arab Heathenism which meant to illustrate the
same development m Israel, placing the rise of Islam on a level
with the Deuteronomic revelation. He once more returned to
the Old Testament field by a translation of the Minor Prophets
and, particularly, by his volume on the History of Israel and
Judah which grew out of an article originally contributed to the
Encyclopaedia Britannica, but which was thoroughly enlarged and
remodelled. This work which is now in its seventh edition (see
later) is a masterpiece of style. Whether he deals with the
natural configuration of Palestine which, unless we are mistaken.

RECENT BIBLICAL LITERATURE — REIDER 397

he never visited, or the political, religious and literary history,
we meet stately periods of which each word is so much condensed
thought. Advanced as' the standpoint is in various details,
nevertheless, Wellhausen shows an unperturbed attitude towards
vagaries of younger men, some of whom were his own disciples.
The crowning chapter is, of course, the last, in which Wellhausen,
naturally enough from a Christian point of view, proceeds to show
how the Old Testament religion which is traced in the previous
pages through the cross-current of the last pre-Christian century
leads to the flower, the teaching of Jesus of Nazareth. If Amos
and Jeremiah are invested retrospectively with the evangelical
touch and made to stand forth as the protagonists of individual
civic righteousness against the pride of race and poHtical
chauvinism, Jesus, on the other hand, is described as another,
indeed as the last prophet, who consummates the individualistic
tendencies in the religion of Israel. That to Wellhausen the
religion of Jesus and Christianity are things apart may be seen on
the last page where it is pointed out that the destinies of nations
and the progress of civilization are not to be measured by Church
history and Church councils over which the owl of strife presided,
and who concludes with the apophthegm that the Gospel is the
salt of the earth and where it aims to be more, it becomes less.
Advanced to the oriental chair ultimately vacated by Lagarde,
we find him contributing an edition and translation of the Psalms
to Haupt's Bible, participating in a discussion as to the historical
character of the Restoration, and turning his attention to Arabic
history and Arabic literature; but of a special interest to the
Biblical student are his works on the Gospels and the Acts of the
Apostles in which he operates with methods of criticism previously
applied to the Old Testament, and with the notion of an Aramaic
original underlying the Gospels.

It is a record certainly rich in achievement and profound in
its stimulating effect. Through all his works, there is noticeable
a master mind never lost in details but always going to the
centre of things and aiming at a presentation of the great and
leading figures and thoughts in the religion of Israel which has

igS THE JEWISH QUARTERLY REVIEW

always stood in the centre of his interest. Opponents have been
shocked here and there by an irreverent tone, and Jewish scholars
have been aghast at the havoc which Wellhausen's theories
wrought in traditional opinion. Wellhausen shares the Christian
view of the inferiority of Rabbinic Judaism. But Wellhausen is
far too aristocratic to show hostility towards Judaism, if he ever
harboured such thoughts. If his disciples betray anti-Semitic
tendencies, it is simply because they belong to a younger genera-
tion and because they descend to a low level.

Of the twenty-one papers in the volume all but three (Franken-
berg's on ' Determination in Semitic ', on the lines pursued by the
author in his work on the ' Organism of Semitic Word-formation '
published in 1913; Bevan's on 'Mohammed's Ascension to
Heaven ' ; Albrecht's edition of the fifth porta of the Book of the
Tejnis by Moses Ibn Ezra, based on Giinzburg's edition and two
further MSS.) deal with Hebrew and the Old Testament. Beer cuts
out from the portions of Isaiah generally regarded as authentic all
anti- Assyrian discourses and only leaves the pro- Assyrian prophecies
stand ; thus vacillation is removed and the prophet is depicted
as his people's enemy (' Volksfeind '), a universalist transcending
all national barriers with an outlook into the future 'genuinely
Protestant ', while the Synagogue and Islam and Catholicism are
founded upon the spurious eschatology of the amplified and
corrected Book of Isaiah as we have it to-day ! Bertholet's ' Notes
on Textual Difficulties in Deutero-Isaiah ' contain here and there
suggestions which will command attention; the best in 51.12
comes from Ehrlich; the deductions from the Septuagint are
not always convincing. Budde ventures the opinion that the
prose account of the encounter of Amos with the priest Amaziah
(Amos 7. 10-17) stood originally at the head of the book. The
lexicographer Buhl endeavours to determine the meaning of the
stem fh (j"^). Burney is inclined to believe, against Moore, that
the two narratives of Gideon's rout of the Midianites now dove-
tailed into one another probably did not differ as to the place of
the flight of the marauders. Cornill's contribution elaborates
points raised in his controversy with Sellin. The Judah section

RECENT BIBLICAL LITERATURE — REIDER 199

in the Blessing of Jacob (Gen. 49) is reduced to three short
lines with their allusion to wine growing and cattle raising in
the southern hills and steppes; all else, including the Shiloh
passage, is interpolation. Wellhausen's repristination of Goethe's
discovery of the Jahvistic Decalogue in Exod. 34, a parallel to
the Elohistic in chapter 20, is submitted to a fresh proof and
substantiated: it consists of five pairs of commandments.
Elhorst refutes the opinion according to which the rites of
mourning in Israel have for their purpose the warding off of evil
demons; he thinks that the matter is a most complicated one,
and that a variety of motives plays into these customs : on the
one hand, there is a desire to do a service to the departed, for
it is quite material in what manner one goes down into the under-
world; and, on the other hand, there is the belief that the house
of death is occupied by a power which in the interest of the dead
and the living it is well to propitiate and to honour. Von Gall
examines the pre-exilic passages in which Jahveh is designated
as king of Zion, and comes to the conclusion that he succeeded
to the title of an ancient pre-Davidic deity, Zedek (cp. the
name Adoni-zedek), located in the sacred spring Gihon ; the cult
of that deity lived on unofficially, and consisted in the burning
of children in the valley of Hinnom in honour of the king —
Moloch ; the prophets realized the heathen origin of the abomin-
able practice, and gradually transformed the King of Zion into
the Lord of the universalistic Messianic kingdom. Gray collects
the data in the Egyptian Aramaic papyri, affording the earliest
evidence of the existence among the Jews of the practice of
giving to children the name of an ancestor, and particularly that
of the grandfather. Guthe's explanation of the sign and the
prophecy in Isaiah 7. 4-17 proceeds from an analysis of similar
prophecies to which a sign is attached, both in Isaiah and else-
where : the sign is subordinated to the prophecy. In the present
case, sign and prophecy are constructed to consist each of two
halves, and there is a relationship in time and thought between
the corresponding halves : the birth of a new generation under
the call 'God is with us' in the time of peace following the

200 THE JEWISH QUARTERLY REVIEW

retirement of the two warring kings, and the meagre sustenance
by milk and honey when in the sequel the country will be
devastated by Assyria. There are difiSculties enough in this view,
and Guthe brushes them aside lightly ; the assumption that ' the
young woman ' means ' young women ' (generic article), although
acquiesced in by many commentators, remains unconvincing.
Haupt's treatment of the text of the Song of Deborah shows that
scholar's usual manner of transposing textual elements and rele-
gating others to the margin together with questionable emenda-
tions ; but one can always learn from Haupt, and his diversified
learning permeates the notes. While admitting the higher
cultural sphere reflected in the marriage laws of the Hammurabi
Code, Holzinger points out that the point of view is largely one
of property rights, and that there is no trace of the higher moral
ideal dominating the conceptions of Judaism on the subject of
marriage. In the Old Testament itself there is a marked
development between older and more recent times, exemplified
in the different attitudes of the Jahvist and Elohist (Smend's
analysis of Gen. 24 is accepted); but the change occurred from
within, the contributing factor being the religious conceptions of
the Jews. Kohler's contributions to the Hebrew Lexicon of the
Old Testament demonstrate the need of including certain plau-
sible conjectures by means of which the old Hebrew vocabulary
may be enlarged ; he also points out how one or the other article
in Buhl's Gesenius will bear revision. According to Lods, the
' angel of Jahveh ' represents a sort of ' double ', ' I'^me ext^rieure '.
Marti seeks to show that even so late a prophet as Zechariah did
not escape the fate of being corrected by means of interpolations,
the purpose of which was to accommodate the prophet to the
standard of a predicter of eschatological events. Meinhold
claims, against Wellhausen and his school, that when the Priestly
Code assumes centralization of the cult in pre-exilic times it is
not altogether falsifying history : centralization was a necessary
corollary of the peregrinations in the desert, and at least during
the life of Moses the Israelites worshipped Jahveh in one place,
that being the ark and the tent of the covenant. But it is wrong

RECENT BIBLICAL LITERATURE — REIDER 201

on the part of the Priestly Code to assume the perpetuation of
this state of affairs in post-Mosaic times, when the settlement in
Canaan and the subsequent dispersion of the tribes necessitated
a multiplication of altars and ritual centres. Rogers reverts to
the view of George Rawlinson and Hugo Winckler that Senna-
cherib undertook two campaigns against King Hezekiah, one in
701 and another about 682, thus relieving the textual diflSculties
in the accounts of the book of Kings and Isaiah. Steuernagel
investigates the Deuteronomistic expression i'XIS''' "TIPN nin" , and
comes to the conclusion that in most cases ^NiB*'' 'npN was
appended by. a later editor in order to differentiate between
Jahveh as ethnic deity, and Jahveh the national God of Israel.

The well-known history by the nestor of Biblical criticism is
now in its seventh edition.^ It is practically a reprint, without
additions or corrections, as every monumental and epoch-making
work should be. Evidently its influence is still potent, for,
despite the many admirable books on the subject published in
recent years, people like to revert to the main source and
fountain-head of Biblical research from which all the latest
currents and cross-currents derive their existence.

Volz's Biblisctie AltertUmer ^ is based on Kinzler's well-known
work on Biblical antiquities, the seventh edition of which appeared
in 1893. The immense archaeological material that came to
light in the Orient during the last twenty years necessitated a
complete revision of the work, and so the present book is prac-
tically new so far as subject-matter is concerned. In plan and
execution, however, it approaches its predecessor. It should be
noted that a good deal of the description is due to personal
inspection as a result of an Oriental tour. The work is in two
parts, the first dealing with the divine cult and religious life of
Israel, the second with the domestic, social, and national condi-

2 IsraelUische und jiidische Geschichie. Von J. Wellhausen. Siebente
Ausgabe. Berlin : Georg Reimer, 1914. pp. 372.

s Die biblischen Altertiinter. Von Dr. Paul Volz. Mit 97 Textabbil-
dungen und 3a Tafeln. Calw und Stuttgart : Veblag der Vereinsbuch-

HANDLUNG, I914. pp. viii + 556.

202 THE JEWISH QUARTERLY REVIEW

tions of the Jews. In the former a sharp line is drawn between
the prophetic ideal of monotheism, the practical monotheism of
the priests forming an intermediary between the prophetic spirit
and popular practice, and finally the popular belief which shows
affinity with the beliefs of the rest of the world. As sources the
author makes use of both Testaments and the Apocrypha.
Talmudic references are introduced only where they serve as
a proof for a Biblical statement. The continuity and organic
connexion of the work, as well as its comparative completeness
of material, will recommend it to both scholar and layman, for
whom it was written. The photographic reproductions are well
executed, and the indices are as perfect as possible.

Arnold advances a novel thesis concerning the vexing problem
of the ephod and the ark.* As is well known, there are two kinds
of ephod mentioned in the Old Testament, one meaning loin-cloth
or apron worn by all persons who engaged in solemn religious
exercises in the immediate presence of the deity, and one having
reference to a solid and heavy object of an unknown nature, but
with the power of divination implied. Now Arnold argues against
the ephod being an object of divination ; rather is the ark such
an object, as may be seen from numerous passages containing
the word piX. Starting with i Sam. 14. 18, where the masoretic
text has pix and the Septuagint nisx, he hits upon the idea that
the former is genuine while the latter is a substitute of a
scrupulous scribe who wished to hide the fact that the ark was
an object of divination. He then proceeds to identify all the
passages wherein the heavy ephod occurs as having had piK
originally. Likewise he reads pnt* for px in i Sam. 15. 23, which
yields good sense. After a searching investigation of the expression
QTibn piN and similar combinations, he arrives at the conclusion
that 'the historical sacred box of the ancient Hebrews was
a manifold object regularly employed as the instrument of
priestly divination'. This hypothesis relieves at once the diffi-

* Ephod and Ark. A Study in the Records and Religion of the Ancient
Hebrews. By William R. Arnold. {Harvard Theological Studies. III.)
Cambridge : Harvard Univershy Pbess, 1917. pp. 170.

RECENT BIBLICAL LITERATURE — REIDER 203

culty in i Sam. 14. 18, according to which the ark was in the
camp of Saul near Gibeah of Benjamin at the battle ot Michmash,
while, in agreement with another account in i Sam. 7. i, it was
deposited in the house of Abinadab on the height above Kiriath-
jearim, and remained there until David removed it to Jerusalem.
If the ark of Jahveh was a multiple object then both statements
are compatible with each other. The author describes the nature
of the ark, its origin and development, until its final disappearance
during the destruction of the first temple. It appears that the
ark was a box of Canaanitish origin, and served as a repository
for the sacred lots, and as a receptacle from which those lots were
drawn. It was banished as a heathen relic with the advance
of pure monotheism and the Deuteronomistic centralization of
worship. The author elaborates all these points very meticu-
lously, and comments on Biblical passages in a sound way.
There can be no doubt that the hypothesis is very plausible,
solving as it does several knotty problems in Biblical exegesis.
The book ends with two excursuses, one on the equivalence of
Yahwe Sebaoth to Jahwe Militant and not Lord of Hosts or
Armies, and another on a troublesome passage in the Elephantine
Temple papyrus. A conspectus on |l~iN in the Old Testament
is attached at the end, and helps to visualize the whole intricate
subject at a glance.

The Layman's Library,'' as stated by Mr. Burkitt in the preface,
aims to present, in popular treatment, various theological subjects
from the standpoint of the Anglican Church. The editors think
' in the first place of the laymen of the Church of England, who
are puzzled by the inroads of modern learning upon the Church's
ground, and wish to know what counsel and advice specialists
who are also Churchmen can give them on the several subjects '.
The present volume by Mr. Nairne opens the series. An intro-
duction gives a general sketch of the literature of the Old

' The Faith of the Old Testament. By the Rev. Alexander Nairne, B.D.
With a Preface by F. C. Burkitt, M.A , F.B.A. {The Layman's Library.
Edited by F. C. Burkitt and the Rev. G. E. Newsom.) London :
Longmans, Green & Co., 1914. pp. xi + a26.

VOL. XII. P

204 THE JEWISH QUARTERLY REVIEW

Testament and its religious content. Then comes a detailed
discussion of the early prophets, Ezekiel and the Law, the
Wisdom books, the Apocrypha and Daniel, and finally the
Psalter, with a view to elucidating the contribution of each of
these sources in the sphere of absolute faith. In each case also
the evolution of the religious concepts is emphasized, and con-
nexions are made with the New Testament doctrine. The
material is based on the latest critical authorities of the Christian
faith, who insist that the fruition of the moral teachings of the
prophets and the full maturity of their ideal religion was not
effected before the Maccabean period, and only culminated in
Jesus of Nazareth. The treatment is original and quite interesting.

Mr. Robinson* aims to present some of the fundamental
ideas of the Israelitic religion 'in their historical setting, with
some indication of their theological and philosophical value, and
of their significance for Christianity '. He takes up first the idea
of religion, then the idea of God, the idea of man, the approach of
God to man, the approach of man to God, the problems of sin
and suffering, and the hope of the nation. He winds up with
a chapter on the permanent value of the Old Testament, empha-
sizing Israel's history as a divine revelation and his religion as
historical. An introductory chapter deals with the history of the
canonical books as the source of religious ideas. His attitude is
that of one ' who believes critical study of the Old Testament to
be no obstacle but a great help to the progress of the Gospel of
the New Testament'. To this end he traces the development
from the idea of the nomadic war-god of the Mosaic period,
through that of the agricultural land-god of Canaan, into that of
the world-god, and up to the absolute monotheism at the time
of the exile. The treatment is lucid, and the style clear and
compact. A bibliography and index enhance the value of
the book.

The Kingdom of God Series' purports to expound the

* The Religious Ideas of the Old Testament. By H. Wheeler Robinson,
M.A. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1913. pp. viii + 245.

' The Religion of Israel. By John Bayne Ascham. {Kingdom of God

RECENT BIBLICAL LITERATURE — REIDER 205

development of the kingdom of God on earth as represented in
the Old and New Testaments. The former is covered by two
volumes : The Religion of Israel z-vA The Religion of Judah, both
written by the same man. These books are intended primarily
for adult Bible classes and high schools that stand in need of
modern text-books written in scholarly spirit but in popular style.
Hence the topical arrangement of the material and the concise
treatment of each subject, hence also the questions for class dis-
cussion and suggested readings at the end of every chapter. The
sequence of the topics is historical and follows in the main the
Biblical canon. A brief summary concludes the work. The
present volume contains twenty-six study chapters and stops with
the rise of eighth-century prophetism and the fall of Samaria.
The later development of the kingdom is reserved for the second
volume on the religion of Judah.

Bade ^ endeavours ' to meet the difficulties of men and women
to whom the Old Testament is still a valuable part of the Bible,
but who find it an indigestible element in the Biblical rationale
of their beliefs '. With this aim in view he analyses the Hebrew
religion on the basis of recent investigations, showing its inferiority
from an ethical standpoint. He pictures the Hebrew religion in
the most unfavourable light. To him even the Deuteronomic
code does not constitute monotheism, for he coins for it the name
monojahvism. Theoretical monotheism appears first in Jeremiah
and is advocated by other pre-exilic prophets. As a practice it
hardly existed. With such an appreciation of the Hebrew reli-
gion it is no wonder that the author has to defend it as the
progenitor of Christianity. It is true, he argues, that the Old
Testament is on a low level of ethical and religious development,
still we must study it as the antecedent and origin of the New.

Series. Edited by Henry H. Meyer and David G. Downey.) New York :
The Abingdon Press, [1918]. pp. 239.

» The Old Testament in the Lif^ht of To-day. A Study in Moral
Development. By William Frederic Bade, Professor in the Pacific
Theological Seminary, Berkeley, California. Boston and New York:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 1915. pp. xxii -^ 326.

P 2

2o6 THE JEWISH QUARTERLY REVIEW

The moral superiority of the latter over the former is assumed
from the very beginning, and a wish is uttered that doctrinal
co-ordination of the Old and New Testaments should give place
to historical subordination of the former over the latter. The
present volume covers Hebrew religious development during the
pre-exilic period ; another volume will deal with the Jewish reli-
gion during the exilic and post-exilic times. Foremost in the
discussion is the idea of God in the Old Testament, the moral
character of Yahwe, and the expansion of Yahvism to Theism
under the influence of prophecy. The book contains an appen-
dix ox^ Jehovah a.r\A Javeh, and one on Jer. 8. 8.

Jahn's' object is to disprove the theory of a special divine
guidance for Israel : the Jewish religion, like any other religion in
the course of human history, is a natural development from
idolatry to monolatry, without any hint at choice or predilection.
The vaunted monotheism of the Hebrews is nothing but a fiction
fostered by prophets and priests alike. Yahwe is but a humanized
national god such as we find among many other peoples of
antiquity. Not until the rise of Christianity do we meet with a
real spiritual monotheism, and this becomes possible only after
the complete separation of Christianity from Judaism. This argu-
ment is not new and is quite characteristic of a certain group of
Christian theologians whose purpose is to efface the Jewish origin
of the Christian faith, even if they have to marshal their sources
in a way to suit their preconceived notions.

Daniel Volter '" belongs to a group of theologians who look at
the history and religion of Israel through an Egyptian microscope.
Their aim is to prove that all the ancient Hebraic institutions
incorporated in the Pentateuch had their origin on the banks of
the Nile and that the story of the patriarchs up to and including
Moses are mirrored exactly in the mythology of the Pharaonic

' Ober den Gottesbegriff der alien Hebrder und ihre Geschichtschreibung.
Allgemein verstandlich dargestellt von G. Jahn, emerit. Professor der
semitischen Sprachen. Leiden : E. J. Brill, 1915. pp. xvi + 672.

'° Jahwe und Mose. Eine religionsgeschichtliche Untersuchung von
Dr. Daniel VOlter. Leiden : E. J. Brill, 1914. pp. iv-H 48.

RECENT BIBLICAL LITERATURE— REIDER 207

kingdom. This contention was raised by the author in an early
book entitled Aegypten und die Bibel dealing with the earliest
history of Israel in the light of Egyptian mythology. Further
researches were incorporated in his Die Patriarchen Israels und
die agyptische Mythologie, Mose und die dgyptische Mythologie,
and in a pamphlet entitled Wer war Mose? The present bro-
chure on Yahveh and Moses advances the view that the former
corresponds to the Egyptian god Har-Sopd-Shu whose habitat was
Sinai, and the latter finds its prototype in the moon-god Thot, so
familiar in the Egyptian pantheon. The author even discovers
affinities between Zipporah, Moses' sister, and the divinity Hathor.
This view that Yahveh dwelt on the Sinai peninsula and was an
Egyptian divinity is in contrast to the view of Wellhausen, Gunkel,
and Eduard Meyer, who place him on a volcano in Midian, in
the vicinity of the Arabian Gulf. In his pamphlet on Passover "
he maintains that the Israelitic feast of Passover and mazzoth,
celebrated on the r4th and 15th of Abib or Nisan, corresponds
exactly to the Egyptian feast of the 14th and rsth of Pachon.

Schwab's dissertation '^^ constitutes a very exhaustive study of
the term nefes in the Old Testament and Apocrypha. First the
original and fundamental function of this concept is defined, its
concrete and abstract connotations as a principle of life, then its
relation to nelamah and ruah is discussed, and finally its equiva-
lent in Hellenistic Greek. Practically every phase of the word is
dealt with very minutely, and in every case the proper authorities
are quoted in full. Foot-notes are abundant and illuminating.
The book is, furthermore, provided with a bibliography and an
index.

Causse" traces the monotheism of the prophets from its

11 Der Ursprung von Passah und Massoth, neu untersucht von Dr. Daniel
VOlter. Leiden : E. J. Brill, 1913. pp. 32.

1' Der Begriff der ne/ei in den heiligen Schriften des Alien Testamentes.
Ein Beitrag zur altjttdischen Religionsgeschichte. Inaugural-Dissertation
(Miinchen). Von Johann Schwab. Borna-Leipzig : Robert Noske, 1913.
pp. X + 106.

1' Les Prophetes d' Israel et les Religions de r Orient Essai sur les origines

208 THE JEWISH QUARTERLY REVIEW

earliest stage to its latest development, and then compares it with
Oriental monotheism generally. The latter, he claims, never lost
its heathen substratum and pantheistic tendencies, while the
former, though subject to syncretism, always retained its high
idealistic standard which it expounded to the entire world. It
will be seen from this that the author does not subscribe to the
radical and iconoclastic views of Jensen, Winckler, and their Pan-
Babylonian confreres, who endeavour to trace every phase of
Hebraism to either a Babylonian or Egyptian origin. Universal-
istic monotheism, the author maintains, is the creation of the
Hebrews alone.

Holscher's book on Prophecy and the Prophets'* is as thorough
and exhaustive as such a work can be. It is laid out on compara-
tive lines and goes into every phase of the phenomenon. The
object is to depict the origin of prophecy and its later development.
Of the six chapters the first is introductory, sounding the general
psychological phenomena which accompany prophecy, such as
ecstasy and vision. Subsequent chapters deal with ecstatic prophecy
as manifested in the earlier prophets of Israel and then with the
natural prophecy of the great literary prophets. The last chapter
discusses how the various prophetic books originated and how
they assumed their present form. The author is of opinion that
ecstatic prophecy was indigenous in Canaan whence the Israelites
derived it on their conquest of the land. Traces of this primitive
state of prophecy are still found in the early historical books of the
Bible such as Judges and Samuel. In Arabic literature, as the
author points out, examples are more numerous. The transition
from ecstatic to literary prophecy is conterminous with the shaping
of a strict Yahvism. In discussing each prophet extracts from his
orations are adduced, not, however, without introducing emenda-
tions. To increase its usefulness the work is provided with ample
indices.

du monotheisme universaliste par A. Causse. Paris : E. Nouery, 1913.

PP- 33°-

^* Die Profeten. Untersuchungen zur Religionsgeschichte Israels von
GusTAV HOlscher. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlu.ng, 1914.
pp. viii + 486.

RECENT BIBLICAL LITERATURE — REIDER 209

Dr. Sanda's monograph on Elijah '' contains an appreciation
of the towering personality of that great prophet whose deeds
border on the miraculous. The author takes up first the sources
of the story of Elijah, deducing from them the political situation
of the northern kingdom and the religious conditions of Israel
during the ninth century. Then follows a description of Elijah's
deeds and characteristics. The trustworthiness of the Biblical
account is assumed after the Catholic fashion, and nothing is
yielded to the mythical theory of some ultramodern critics.

No archaeological discovery in modern times stirred the
scholarly world to such an extent as the find of the Elephantine
Papyri in 1907. In their bearing on the history and religion of
the Hebrews these papyri stand unique and unrivalled : not only
do they throw light on an obscure period of Jewish history, but
in many respects they corroborate Biblical accounts on which
aspersions had been cast heretofore. No wonder prominent
scholars of the Bible everywhere felt themselves in duty bound to
institute an enquite into or at least to give a precis of these impor-
tant documents. Of this literature, which has become quite vast
in recent years, the most outstanding is Eduard Meyer's investi-
gation, '^ which constitutes a crystallization of opinion gained after
numerous discussions in public lectures both in Europe and
America. Meyer, as is his wont, approaches the problem in
a systematic way : he recapitulates his theory about the origin
of Judaism in the Persian period, first pronounced in his Ent-
stehung des Judenihums {'HaXlt a.. S., 1896), and then proceeds to
demonstrate how the newly found papyri furnish convincing proof
to this assertion. The veracity of Ezra-Nehemiah, which he
championed long before the papyri were unearthed, is dwelt upon

" EUas und die religiosen Verhdltnisse seiner Zeit. Von Dr. A. Sanda.
(Biblische Zeitfragen. Siebente Folge. Heft i/a.) Miinster in Westf. :

AsCHENDORFFSCHE VeRLAGSBUCHHANDLUNG, 1914. pp. 84.

1* Der Fapymsfund von Elephantine. Dokumente einer jiidischen
Gemeinde aus der Perserzeit und das alteste erhaltene Buch der Welt-
literatur. Von Eduard Meyer. Leipzig : J. C. Hinrichs'sche Buch-
handlung, 1912. pp. iv+128.

210 THE JEWISH QUARTERLY REVIEW

with great force and emphasis. An illuminating picture is drawn
of the Jewish settlement on the Egyptian island and its relation
to the mother country in Palestine. On the whole, the views he
advances are based on a fair analysis of the papyri and deviate very
little from other expert opinion such as Sachau's. The author's
main merit lies in his excellent treatment, which is furthered by
a smooth and flowing style. The greater part of the book, as
might have been expected, is devoted to the religious texts
bearing on the rebuilding of the destroyed temple and the cele-
bration of Passover, and especially noteworthy here is the discus-
sion of the Jewish religion among common people in Jerusalem
and Elephantine (pp. 38-67). However, considerable space is
devoted also to the literary texts, particularly the Ahikar legend
and its place in the world literature.

Anneler's book" endeavours to reconstruct the life and history
of the Elephantine Jews in great detail. The conclusions reached
do not vary much from those of other scholars, though the author,
as we are told in the introduction, arrived at them quite inde-
pendently. The book opens with a geographical description of
Assuan and Elephantine, which is followed by a discussion of the
relation of the Jewish colony to the native population, the inner
life and outer position of these Diaspora Jews, their status within
the Jewish nation, the origin of the colony and its history. It
closes with an extensive bibliography which is fairly up-to-date.
Very praiseworthy are the figures and sketches of Karl Anneler
accompanying the text.

Von Gall's popular lecture" summarizes the main results
obtained from the Elephantine Papyri and their bearing on
Jewish religion and history generally.

Jahn" launches into a diatribe against the critics of his com-

" Zur Geschichte der Juden von Elephantine. Von Dr. phil. Hedwig
Anneler. Bern; Max Drechsel, 19 r 2. pp. viii-fi55.

'' Die Papyrusurkunden der jiidischen Gemeinde in Elephantine tn ihrer
Bedeutung fiir jiidische Religion und Geschichte. Von August Freiherrn
von Gall. (Vortrage der Theologischen Konferens eu Giessen, 34. Folge.)
Giessen : Alfred Topelmann, 1912. pp. 26.

1' Die Elephanliner Papyri und die Biicher Esra-Nehemja. Mit einem

RECENT BIBLICAL LITERATURE — REIDER 211

mentary on the books of Ezra and Nehemiah. As is known, he
called into doubt the genuineness of the Persian documents incor-
porated in those two books, in refutation of Eduard Meyer and
others, for which he was attacked severely. With the discovery
of the Elephantine Papyri and their corroboration of Ezra-Nehe-
miah, the author, in order to maintain his former stand, feels
himself constrained to question also the authenticity of the papyri.
This he does in a series of lexical investigations whose purport is
to prove that the Aramaic of the papyri is quite late, about the
second century b.c.e., and that therefore the dates given are
fraudulent. But his arguments, like those of Belleli, who likewise
doubted the veracity of the papyri {An Independent Examination of
theAssuan and Elephantine Aramaic Papyri, London, 1909), are far
from convincing. Palaeography has long since settled the question
of authenticity, and it behoves Bible scholars to deal with these
texts only so far as lies within their province of research and no
farther. Jahn's effort makes the painful impression of wilful con-
tortion and deliberate contradiction. This is evident not only
from his etymological strictures on the text of the papyri but also
from his explanation of the Hebrew proper names which is
appended to the book and serves as a supplement to his com-
mentary mentioned above. It should be noted also that the
book suffers considerably from misprints.

Van Hoonacker,"" in a series of three lectures on the Assuan
and Elephantine Papyri, advances a theory that the so-called
Jewish colony at Elephantine was not purely Jewish but con-
tained also Samaritan elements. This would explain many
phenomena, which are otherwise puzzling, such as the absence
of pure monotheism and the toleration of other divinities by the
side of Jahveh, the Babylonian influence in the chronology of
the business documents and also in the story of Ahikar, and, last

Supplement zu meiner ErklSrung der hebraischen Eigennamen. Von G. Jahn.
Leiden ! E. J. Brill, 1913. pp. 107.

2° Une Communauie Judeo-Arameenne a Mephantine, en £gypte, aux VI'
et V Slides av. J.-C. Par A. van Hoonacker. {Schweich Lectures. 1914.)
London : Oxford University Press, 1915. pp. x + 92.

212 THE JEWISH QUARTERLY REVIEW

but not least, the exclusive use of Aramaic and the absence of
Hebrew documents. The arguments are well chosen and con-
vincing, though they are in conflict with the general trend of
opinion among scholars.

Kaulen's introduction to the Bible,^' first published in 1876,
still enjoys considerable popularity, as the present fifth edition
proves. The excellent plan, the clear and concise definition, the
precision of statement, and the copious references which charac-
terized this work at its initial appearance and marked it as unique
among works of this class, are maintained also in Hoberg's
revision. Owing to new research and great archaeological
activity in the Biblical field the book has grown to large propor-
tions. Especially the first and second parts dealing with the Old
Testament have experienced a considerable increase, both by way
of elucidation of argument and enumeration of the voluminous
literature that cropped up in the path of archaeological expedi-
tions and literary criticism. It is to the credit of the editor to
have registered all the important works dealing with Biblical
criticism — something that is lacking in another ambitious Catholic
undertaking, Rudolph Cornely's Introduction, forming part of the
Cursus Scripturae Sacrae. Of course, the Catholic standpoint is
maintained throughout, and such points as the Mosaic authorship
of the Pentateuch are argued with great vehemence and consider-
able earnestness, the decision of the Bible Commission of the
27th of June, 1906, forming the climax of the discussion. With
all that the book is useful also to non-Catholics because of its
wealth of material. Moreover, being written in the vernacular, it
will always be able to compete with similar works in Latin, like
Cornely's Introduction alluded to above.

The first edition of Sellin's introduction to the Old Testa-
ment'"' was reviewed in an early issue of this Quarterly (N. S.,

^1 Einleilung in die Heilige Schrift des Alien und Neuen Testamentes.
Von Franz Kaulen. Fiinfte, vollstandig neu bearbeitete Auflage von
Gottfried Hoberg. {Theologische Biblioihek.) Freiburg im Breisgau :
Herdersche Verlagshandlukg. ErsterTeil, 1911, pp. xii + 266. Zweiter
Teil, 1913, pp. X-H300. Dritter Teil, 1905, pp. vi + 373.

'^ Einleilung in das Alte Teslament. Von Dr. E. Sellin. {Evangelisch-

RECENT BIBLICAL LITERATURE — REIDER 2J3

I, 550 f.). The favourable opinion there expressed is deserved in
a larger degree by the present improved and enlarged edition.
It is to be observed that, despite the onslaught of Corn ill in his
Zur Einleitung in das Alte Testament (Tubingen, 1912), which at
that time called forth an answer with a similar title by our author,
the latter retains his cardinal principles and views concerning the
age and composition of the various books of the Old Testament.
His standpoint, it should be recalled, is conservative after the
manner of Klostermann, Gunkel, and Gressmann, and is opposed
to the literary criticism of the Wellhausen school. Naturally, in
this edition references have been brought up to date.

Gautier's very elaborate but popular introduction to the Old
Testament^' first appeared in 1905 and proved its usefulness
through the rapid exhaustion of this issue. The second edition
is, of course, brought up to date, but it is still un livre de vulgari-
sation, intended not for specialists, nor even pastors or students,
but for the average Protestant who wants to be instructed about
the Book of Books. Nothing is assumed, explanations are abun-
dant, sometimes even tedious, the minutest details are treated
minutely ; yet nobody would maintain that there is no need for
such a book.

Truyols designed his book^' originally as an introduction to
his Critica textual de I Sam. i-iy, but because of its enlarged
size and its constant reference to other books of the Hebrew
Scriptures it was thought advisable to issue it as a separate
publication. It is modelled after Buhl's Kanon und Text, ex-
patiating on textual more than on historical matters. The author
deals first with the importance and necessity of textual criticism

Theologische Bibliothek. Herausgegeben von Prof. Lie. B. Bess). Zweite,
neu bearbeitete Auflage. Leipzig: Quelle & Meyer, 1914. pp. xv+ 168.

'' Introduction a VAncien Testament, par Lucien Gautier. Seconde
edition revue. Lausanne : Georges Bridel & C'", 1914. Tome I :
pp. xvi + 547. Tome 11 : pp. 544.

M Breve Introduccion a la Critica Textual del A. T. Por A. FERNiNPEZ
Truyols, S.I. {Estudios de Critica Textual y Literaria, Fasc. I.) Roma :
PoNTiFicio Instituto BiBLico, 1917. pp. xii + 152.

214 THE JEWISH QUARTERLY REVIEW

when properly limited, then proceeds to the actual condition of
the masoretic text, and finally institutes an inquiry into the means
of restoring the original Hebrew, quoting the rules and principles
that governed Houbigant, De Rossi, Cappellus, and Steuernagel in
their critical work. Frequent references are made to Cornely's
voluminous introduction. The book is a fine contribution, well
printed, and provided with the necessary indices.

Richard G. Moulton,'^'^ editor of The Modern Reader's Bible, is
concerned with the sacred Scriptures as Uterature pure and simple.
Primarily the Bible should be studied like any other book, for
' it is when we set about reading the Bible like any other book,
that we realize fully how profoundly the Bible is different from
every other book '. The author gives a rapid survey of the chief
events incorporated in the Scriptures. He construes the whole
Bible as a drama in two acts and an interlude. The Old Testa-
ment constitutes the first act, the Wisdom literature is the inter-
lude, while the New Testament forms the second act. The Book
of Revelation enters as an epilogue. The book is supplementary
to The Modern Reader's Bible and assumes an acquaintance with
it. The appendix on how to read the Bible has constant refer-
ence to this literary edition which is based on a natural and
rational arrangement of the different styles of literature in the
Bible.

Hodge's popular introduction "^^ deals not only with the Old
and New Testaments but also with the Apocrypha. The treat-
ment follows the order of historical research, exhibiting the
gradual evolution of one literary stratum out of the other. In
each case, owing no doubt to the limited compass of the book,
only the most essential facts are given. As might have been
expected, emphasis is laid on the perfection of the New Testa-
ment and its moral superiority to the Old. Here and there

25 The Bible at a Single View. With an Appendix : How to Read the
Bible. By Richard Green Moulton. New York : The Macmillan
Company, 1918. pp. 137.

2« How to Know the Bible. By George Hodges. Indianapolis: The
Bobbs-Merrill Company, [1918]. pp. 360.

RECENT BIBLICAL LITERATURE — REIDER 215

textual illustrations are given from the English version which the
author never tires of praising. A topical index adds to the efficacy
of the book.

The third edition of Doeller's Compendium of Biblical Her-
meneutics " exhibits some growth, though it is still within the limits
of a compendium for theological students. Especially praise-
worthy is the appendix dealing with individual exegetes among
Jews, Catholics, and Protestants. As might have been expected,
Jewish and Protestant exegesis occupies only a subordinate part
throughout the book, the main discussion centring around
Catholic hermeneutics.

As a basis for his catechism Dr. Hoberg,^^ in the preface,
quotes the dictum of Pope Leo the Great : Divina est enim
auctoritas, cui credimus ; divina est doctrina, quam sequimur.
With this principle in view he traces in brief the various aspects
of Biblical hermeneutics, as reflected in the works of Catholic
authorities in ancient and modern times. Against historical and
literary criticism he holds out the time-honoured theory of inspi-
ration and infallibility of the Biblical text.

Von Loewenfeld's little book ^° contains twenty-four homiletic
discourses on various texts of the Old and New Testaments. Its
aim is the edification of students in their leisure hours.

Tuck's book'" is intended for Sunday-school teachers and
ministers. It is divided into three sections, the first dealing
with difficulties relating to moral sentiments, the second with
difficulties relating to Eastern customs and sentiments, and the

" Compendium Hermeneuticae biblicae. Auctore Dr. Ioakne Doeller.
Editio tertia et emendata. Paderbornae : Apud Ferqinandcm Schoeningh,
1914. pp. viii+170.

^ Katechismus der biblischen Hermeneutik, Von Gottfried Hoberg.
Freiburg im Breisgau : Herdersche Verlagshandlung, 1914. pp. viii + 45.

^ Biblia incognita. Gedanken iiber weniger bekannte Bibeltexte, von
J. R. VON LoEWENFELD. {MUhlmatm's theologische TaschenbUcher, Nr. 3.)
Halle (Saale) : Richard MuHLMANN,VERLAGSBUCHHANDtuNG, 1915. pp. 104.

'» A Handbook of Biblical Difficulties. Or Reasonable Solutions of
Perplexing Things in Sacred Scripture. Edited by Rev. Robert Tuck, B. A.
London : Elliot Stock, pp. viii + 568.

2l6 THE JEWISH QUARTERLY REVIEW

third with difficulties relating to the miraculous. The discussion
includes both the Old and New Testaments. In every section
the difficulty is first stated in a precise manner, then follows an
explanation and quotations from well-known theological authori-
ties. All the explanations are based on the theory of divine
inspiration.

Rothstein's book on Hebrew poetry "' is a reply to Staerk's
article ' Ein Hauptproblem der hebraischen Metrik ', which
appeared in Rudolf Kittel's Festschrift (No. 13 of Kittel's Beitrdge
zur Wissenschafi votn Alien Testament). Staerk's strictures were
directed against the author of the Grundzuge der hebraischen
Metrik and his pet theory of a uniform metre in the lyric poetry
of the Hebrews : through an analysis of the most ancient songs
incorporated in the Old Testament he endeavoured to prove that
mixed metres are the rule rather than the exception. Rothstein
reverts to this problem, taking up in his rebuttal first the texts
quoted by his opponent and then other texts from the Prophets,
Psalms, &c., in order to justify his standpoint. Needless to say,
he pursues his destructive method of overhasty emendation and
excision, which is so well known from his Grundzuge, and wliich
called forth the condemnation of many Biblical scholars. Of
course, if one employs the knife indiscriminately one is able to
cut the text in any way to suit one's fancy. A saner method is
that of Staerk, who makes the masoretic text yield the metre
and not the metre yield the text. Rothstein's theory of a forced
metre in the lyric portions of the Old Testament is not much
better than Siever's attempt to find a set rhythm in some of the
narratives of Genesis and Samuel. Both are artificial, and bound
to fail.

Zorell presents an introduction to the lyric poetry of the
Psalms.'^ His mode of treatment is Catholic and conservative.

" Hebraische Poesie. Ein Beitrag zur Rhythmologie, Kritik und Exegese
des Alten Testaments. Von J. W. Rothstein, Breslau. (Beitrdge zur
Wissenschafi vom Alten Testament, herausgegeben von Rudolf Kittel.
Heft 18.) Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung, 1914. pp.viii + no.

'^ Etnfiihrung in die Metrik und die Kunstfornien der hebraischen Psalmen-

RECENT BIBLICAL LITERATURE — REIDER 217

He finds seven different forms and metrical schemes in the
Psalter, and he expounds them in theory and practice. In
addition to the texts from Psalms he offers in Hebrew metre the
Benedictus and Magnificat from Luke. There is no attempt to
emend the consonantal text, .though the vowels are changed here
and there.

The studies on parallelism in the Old Testament by Newman
and Popper '' show the good effect and excellent results already
obtained by the advocates of a literary study of the various books
of the Bible, foremost among whom are Gunkel in Germany and
Richard G. Moulton in this country. Such a minute analysis of
literary types as is offered in the present work certainly deserves
high commendation, though many details, particularly some
emendations and transpositions, need not be approved and
accepted as final. Indeed the best part of the work is the
classification of the literary types, and not the exegesis of the text,
though the latter is quite reliable and trustworthy. The authors
did their work with thoroughness and precision, and with a view
to objective truth. Newman, as a beginner in the field of
Biblical criticism (having written his Amos studies as a thesis for
the M.A. degree) is conservative and more chary of emendations ;
while Popper is bolder in introducing changes. Another point
of difference is that Newman arranges his material by types, while
Popper treats his verse by verse. There can be no doubt that
the former is the better way in studies of this kind. Newman,
moreover, has the larger share of the work to his credit, having
composed the general introduction on parallelism in the world
literature. This introduction is quite creditable in itself, dealing
as it does with the origin and evolution of parallelism throughout

dichtung. Mit vierzig Textproben. Von Franz Zorell, S.J. Miinster in
Westf. : AscHENDORFFSCHE Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1914. pp. iv + 5a.

^' Studies in Biblical Parallelism. Part I : Parallelism in Amos. By
Louis I. Newman. Part II : Parallelism in Isaiah, chapters i-io. By
William Popper. {University of California Publications. Semitic Philology,
vol. i, nos. a and 3, pp. 57-444.) Berkeley : University of California
Press, August 6, 1918.

2l8 THE JEWISH QUARTERLY REVIEW

the ages. There is a chapter each on parallelism in Finland,
China, Egypt, Sumeria, Babylonia- Assyria, Arabia, Abyssinia, and
Palestine ; also on parallelism in the Apocrypha and the Apoca-
lypses, in Hellenistic-Jewish writings, in the New Testament, in
Syriac, in rabbinical literature, in mediaeval Jewish literature,
and even in modem Hebrew literature. Newman's object is thus
to prove that this literary phenomenon, though found among some
non-Semitic peoples, is really a Semitic characteristic which
became obliterated only in modern times. In his Amos studies
he endeavours to separate prose from poetry, dividing the latter
into parallelistic and non-parallelistic stichoi. Of course the
latter are in the minority. Of the former, couplets are in the great
majority, there being a few triplets and still less monostichs.
Similar results are obtained by Popper in his analysis of the first
ten chapters of Isaiah. So far the conclusions are justified :
parallelism is a dominant feature of Hebrew poetry. But to
argue from this, as Popper does, that poetical lines should be
emended wherever they fail to correspond to this principle, is
very precarious. After all, Newman is right in suggesting that
there may have been also another principle in the prophetic
utterances beside that of parallelism. It is a pity that the
authors use transliteration in place of Hebrew characters : it
interferes with the right understanding of the problem, and often
leads to confusion.

Kahle's book*^ is an elaboration and amplification of his
earlier work entitled Der masoretische Text des Alien Testaments
nach der Vberlieferung der babylonischen Juden (Leipzig 1902).
Both deal with the Babylonian or supralinear system of vocaliza-
tion, only that the present work is based on fifty manuscripts
instead of one. The general results are the same as in the shorter
work. Side by side with the well-known Tiberian or sublinear

'* Masoreten des Ostens. Die altesten punktierten Handschriften des
Alten Testaments und der Targume. Herausgegeben und untersucht von
Paul Kahle. Mit 16 Lichtdrucktafeln. (Beitrage sur Wissenschaft vom
Alten Testament, herausgegeben von Rudolf Kittel. Heft 15.) Leipzig :

J. C. HINRICHS'SCHE BUCHHANDLUNG, I913. pp. XXX + 340.

RECENT BIBLICAL LITERATURE — REIDER 219

punctuation there was a Babylonian or supralinear system, which,
owing to the decay of Babylonia in the ninth century, came into
disuse and was preserved only among the Jews in Yemen. It
was discovered in 1839, but since then many manuscripts came
to light bearing the same vowels. From a study of these the
author arrives at the conclusion that there existed simultaneously
two vowel systems in Babylonia, one simple or qualitative (of six
vowels only) and one complex or quantitative (of ten and more
vowels). The former remained pure, and is exemplified in
Yemenite manuscripts, while the latter became contaminated
with the Tiberian system, which, owing to the gradual decay of
Babylonia in the ninth century and the great authority of Ben
Asher, became prevalent among Jews everywhere, and finally won
undisputed mastery in the West. The Petropolitan codex of the
Latter Prophets (written in 916 and edited by Strack) is a good
instance of the mixed system. Kahle discusses the whole problem
of eastern and western Masorah in an introduction, and offers
52 extracts from texts, describing each manuscript of which he
makes use. An excellent feature is a discussion of the sound of
the various vowels in the East and the West, and also a resume
of the morphology as presented in these texts. A special chapter
deals with the targumic texts and the grammatical results they
yield. The photolithographic reproductions are very instructive.
Bernard Pick '"^ compiles a list of all the Bible versions from
1456, the date of the Mazarin Bible, and onward. The list is in
chronological order, and is followed by an alphabetical index of
languages and dialects, including Diglot editions. Altogether
there are 653 entries, this constituting the number of Bible
translations, either as a whole or in part. In a foreword the
author deals briefly with the ancient and mediaeval versions pre-
ceding the Mazarin Bible. He admits the great help offered
him by the monumental Historical Catalogue of the Printed

^ Translations of the Bible. A Chronology of the Versions of the Holy
Scriptures since the Invention of Printing. Written for the American Bible
Society by Bernard Pick, Ph.D., D.D. New York: American Bible
Society, 1913. pp. 59.

VOL. XII. Q

220 THE JEWISH QUARTERLY REVIEW

Editions of Holy Scripture in the Library of the British and
Foreign Bible Society, though emphasizing the fact that his list
contains versions which are not mentioned in the above catalogue,
and some which have been published since that work was issued.
The list is useful for quick reference, though in most cases it
contains very little information of a collateral nature.

England is the land of the Bible par excellence. There is
hardly any other country where this book permeated the life of
the people to such an extent as in Great Britain, where every
struggle, both internal and external, always hinged on the con-
sideration of thoughts and ideals embodied in ' the Scriptures.
The civil war under Oliver Cromwell is only a single instance-
In ordinary every-day life the Bible has always been a vade mecum
with nobleman and peasant, statesman and shepherd, man and
woman, old and young. It is remarkable, as Mr. Canton ^° points
out, that in the England of not long ago there were ' Bible bees ',
' Bible fruit-trees ', ' Bible flower-pots ', ' Bible hens ', ' Bible
chickens ', and naturally also ' Bible eggs '. That there was a
' Bible day ' celebration goes without saying. The author traces
this Bible enthusiasm among the Anglo-Saxon people from its
earliest inception down to the present day. He begins with the
paraphrastic renderings of Caedmon, Bede, Cynewulf, and a host
of anonymous writers ; then he discusses the direct translations
of Wycliffe, Tyndale, Coverdale, and Matthew, which culminated
in the Geneva Bible, the Bishops' Bible, and the Authorized
Version. Special attention is devoted to the British Bible
Society, originated in 1804, and its foreign dependencies. All
this is narrated in an archaic and poetic style, in imitation of the
Biblical style so often met with among British men of letters.
The value of the book is enhanced by twenty-four beautiful
illustrations, ranging from portraits of Bible translators to
specimens of Bible translations.

Wright's revision of Dr. Westcott's excellent book " appeared

" The BihU and the Anglo-Saxon People. By William Canton. London:
J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd., 1914. pp. xii + 285.

" A General View of the History of the English Bible. By Brooke Foss

RECENT BIBLICAL LITERATURE — REIDER 221

in 1905. The present issue is a reprint, and attests to its great
popularity and vogue among scholar and layman alike. The
reason for its success lies, no doubt, in its sane criticism and
sound scholarship, and although many books have appeared on
this subject since its first publication in 1868, nevertheless it
still remains indispensable on account of the third chapter
dealing with the internal history of the English Bible, and parti-
cularly the very learned appendices containing collations from
various versions.

From the report of the British and Foreign Bible Society '' we
see that despite the World War versions were made into seven
fresh languages during the last year, besides a number of revisions
of old versions. The Bible Society to-day possesses records of
editions of the Scriptures in about 725 languages and dialects.
The complete Bible is found in about 140 different forms of
speech. The Bible Society's own list of versions now embraces
511 languages. About iir of these have been added during
the last dozen years. During the last four years, years of storm
and stress, forty million volumes have been published ; of these
9,378,000 were issued during last year. It is interesting to learn
that, since August 19 14, the Society has provided for its war-
service over eight million volumes in 75 different languages. The
account is interestingly told, and the experience of the colporteurs
forms delectable reading.

The One Hundred and First Annual Report of the American
Bible Society '^ still lingers on the Centennial celebration of the
society's existence, which took place in 19 16, recording the
various meetings held in different parts of the country in honour

Westcott, D.D. Third edition revised by William Alois Wright.
New York: The Macmillan Company, 1916. pp. xx + 356.

'* For Such a Time as This. A popular report of the British and Foreign
Bible Society for the year 1917-18. London : The Bible House, [1918].
pp. 91.

39 One Hundred and First Annual Report of the American Bible Society,
1917. Together with a list of auxiliary societies, their oiBcers, and an
appendix. New York: American Bible Society, 1917. pp. 592.

222 THE JEWISH QUARTERLY REVIEW

of this occasion. A sad line is introduced in this record through
the announcement of the demise of the able recording secretary,
Dr. Henry Otis Dwight, the man who compiled a very good
history of the society. As to the propaganda work during the
year, it was conditioned by the new war situation in which
the country found itself since April 191 7. Owing to the reduced
income and the increased cost of publication the new issues were
much smaller than in the previous year.

The One Hundred and Second Annual Report of the American
Bible Society '" shows a further decrease in issues, owing to the
abnormal conditions caused by the war. In 1917 there were
issued a total of 4,818,564 volumes of Scripture against 5,604,768
the year before. The main decrease, as might have been
expected, has been in the foreign agencies. At home there was
a marked increase, owing to special editions published for the
Army and Navy.

The Layman's Old Testament*^ as its name implies, is intended
for the plain man who either has no time or does not care to use
a commentary on the Bible, and yet feels the need for devotional
and edifying pabulum. For that purpose the Biblical text is
rearranged to suit the historical and chronological sequence as
nearly as possible. The books of Leviticus, Chronicles, Esther,
Lamentations, and the Song of Solomon have been omitted alto-
gether. On the other hand, portions of three important Apocry-
phal books, viz. Maccabees, Ecclesiasticus, and Wisdom of Solo-
mon, have been included. The text is that of the Revised
Version, modified here and there by the use of marginal readings
and bearing numerous subject headings. Digressions from the

*" One Hundred and Second Annual Report of the American Bible Society,
1918. Together with a list of auxiliary societies, their officers, and an
appendix. New York : American Bible Society, 1918. pp.554.

*^ The Layman\ Old Testament, comprising the major part of the Old
Testament, with selections from the Apocrypha. Arranged from the
Revisers' Version, and edited with brief notes by M. G. Glazebrook, D.D.
Part I : Historical Bcoks. Part II : The Prophets, the Psalms, and the
Wisdom Books. With maps. Oxford : University Press, [1913].
pp. ix + 864.

RECENT BIBLICAL LITERATURE — REIDER 223

accepted text are indicated in brief foot-notes, which also contain
explanations of a geographical nature.

The Holy Bibk*^ is the familiar Douay version used by Catholics
in English-speaking countries. The preface contains nothing new
and merely serves as a reminder of the Pope's encyclical letter
concerning Bible study. The maps at the end of the book are
well executed and quite useful.

The aim of The Shorter Bible " is ' to single out and set in
logical and as far as possible in chronological order those parts of
the Bible which are of vital interest and practical value to the
present age'. This aim is quite praiseworthy in our practical
age, when people delight in reading short stories and getting the
gist of a narrative in the least possible time. The present under-
taking is especially welcome because of the excellent English
style, which is both modern and simple, smooth and flowing in
a remarkable degree. The curtailment involves only duplicate
accounts which do not affect the main narrative. As an example,
Matthew, Mark, and Luke are combined into one account of the
life and ministry of Jesus. The Gospel of John is appropriately
placed after Revelation. The arrangement of the material into
well-balanced sections with suggestive titles, barring chapter and
verse division, is judicious and will benefit those who do not read
seriatim. An index of Biblical passages closes the handy volume.
It is to be hoped that the Old Testament, which is in preparation,
will be edited with the same sense of fitness and proportion.

<2 The Holy Bible. Translated from the Latin Vulgate, and diligently
compared with other editions in divers languages (Douay, a.d. 1609;
Rheims, A. d. 1582). Published as revised and annotated by authority.
With a preface by the Cardinal Archbishop of Westminster. This edition
contains Bishop Challoner's notes, newly-compiled indices, tables, and
verified references. Also Pope Leo XIII's encyclical on the study of the
Holy Scriptures, and a new series of maps. New York : Benziger Brothers,
[1914]. pp. Ixxxii + 14B5 + 399.

" The New Testament. Translated and arranged by Charles Foster Kent
with the collaboration of Charles Cutler Torrey, Henry A. Sherman,
Frederick Harris, and Ethel Cutler. {The Shorter Bible.) New York:
Charles Scribner's Sons, 1918. pp. xix + 305.

224 THE JEWISH QUARTERLY REVIEW

Dahse," in both pamphlets, gives a r'esumi of his investiga-
tions in the Pentateuch as presented in his larger work Text-
kritische Materialien zur Hexateuchfrage (reviewed in this Quar-
terly, IV, 260 f.), summing up his deductions with reference to
divine names in Genesis. He reiterates his conviction, corrobo-
rated by other scholars, that the old Pentateuchal hypothesis
cannot stand but must be modified along more solid lines.

Konig*' parries the attack of Dahse and his congeners on
Higher Criticism. Like Skinner {The Divine Names in Genesis,
London, 19 14), only in a less popular way, he endeavours to
refute the various arguments advanced by Dahse as to the textual
condition of the Hebrew Bible on the one hand and the genuine-
ness of the Septuagint on the other. The divine names in the
Hebrew Genesis, he concludes, though not absolutely reliable and
flawless, are still far superior to those of the Alexandrine version,
and hence a division of sources may properly be built on them.
But, and here lies the vulnerability of the textual critics, historical
and literary criticism, as its name indicates, is based not alone on
the divine names, but also on many other considerations, such as
an historical study of the various texts and their literary analysis,
coupled with a comparison of other oriental literatures. Konig,
furthermore, points out the artificiality and untenability of the
new Pericope hypothesis advanced by Dahse as a panacea for
the knotty Pentateuch problem.

Baumgartel's dissertation '"' touches on the great controversy

44 Wie erklart sich der gegenwartige Zustand der Genesis? Skizze einer
neuen Pentateuchhypothese von Pfarrer Johannes Dahse. Giessen :
Alfred Topelmanh, 1913. pp. 20. (Sonderabdruck aus der Studierstube,
Juli 1913.)

Die gegenwartige Krisis in der altteslamentlichen Kritik. Ein Bericht von
Johannes Dahse. Giessen : Alfred Topelmann, 1914. pp.30.

<5 £)ie ntodeme Pentateuchkritik und ihre neueste Bekampfung beurteilt
von Eduard Konig. Leipzig : A. Deichertsche Verlagsbuchhandlung,
1914. pp. vi + 106.

^ Elohim ausserhalb des Pentateuch. Grundlegung zu einer Untersuchung
liber die Gottesnamen im Pentateuch, von Friedrich Baumgartel, Lictheol.
{Beitrage sur IVissenschaJt vom Alten Testament, herausgegeben von Rudolf

RECENT BIBLICAL LITERATURE — REXDER 225

now raging as to the authenticity of the divine names in Genesis.
As a stepping-stone to the main question he institutes an inquiry
into the use of Elohim in the extra-Pentateuchal books. His
main object is to determine which Elohim is an appellative and
which is a proper noun, for only the latter comes into considera-
tion in the problem before us. Of course, in a number of cases
it is difficult to arrive at a definite conclusion. But, barring these,
he finds, after a detailed investigation based on statistics, that in
the historical books Elohim is used by itself and occurs very
rarely in combination with Yahwe ; while the Prophets, and like-
wise Proverbs, Job, Ruth, and Lamentations avoid this combina-
tion altogether. In Chronicles the use of Elohim is insignificant
beside that of Yahwe. The conclusions are based solely on the
masoretic text and overlook textual criticism which might modify
them to some degree, but the author believes that the Hebrew
text is reliable on the whole. It is regrettable that such a minute
study fails to differentiate between wrhti and DMiJNn.

Die Schriften des Alien Testaments " is a new series of com-
mentaries on the Old Testament, given in selections and newly
translated into German, and explained in a scientific yet popular
way. Being intended for the educated layman rather than the
theologian emphasis is laid on aesthetic and literary-historical
questions, though religious phases are not overlooked altogether.
The arrangement is historical and discordant passages of doubtful
importance are eliminated. The rendering is faithful both in
sense and form. The difference between this series and any
other series of commentaries is that the latter expounds sentence
by sentence while the former does it by whole sections and para-

Kittel. Heft 19.) Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs'sche Bochhandlong, 1914.
pp. viii + 90.

*' Die Urgeschichte und die Patriarchen (Das erste Buch Mosis). tjber-
setzt, erklart und mit Einleitungen in die fiinf Biicher Mosis und in die
Sagen des ersten Buches Mosis versehen von Hermann Gunkel. {Die
Schriften des Alien Testaments in Auswahl neu ubersetzt und fiir die Gegen-
wart erklart . . . Erste Abteilung : Die Sagen des Alten Testaments. Erster
Band.) Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1911. pp. x + 310.

226 THE JEWISH QUARTERLY REVIEW

graphs. The work is in three divisions : I. ' The Legends of the
Old Testament ' will contain, in addition to the present volume
by Gunkel, also a volume by Hugo Gressmann on the Beginnings
of Israel (from Exodus to Judges). II. ' Prophecy and Legisla-
tion in the Old Testament ' will consist of three volumes : i. The
book already published by Gressmann on the oldest historiography
and prophecy of Israel (i Sam. to 2 Kings 15, Amos, Hosea, and
general Introductions); 2. The great prophets and their times
(Isaiah, Micah, Zephaniah, Deuteronomy, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, &c.)
by Hans Schmidt of Breslau ; and 3. Judaism from the re-estab-
lishment of Jerusalem to Ezra's legislation by M. Haller of Bern.
III. ' Lyric Poetry and Wisdom ' will contain two volumes :
I. Lyric poetry (Psalms, Canticles, &c.), by W. Stark, of Jena;
and 2. Wisdom (Job, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes) by Paul Volz of
Tubingen. As to Gunkel's commentary, it follows closely his
earlier works on the same subject : ScMpfung und Chaos in Urzeit
ufid £ndzet( {Gottingen, 1895), and Genesis in the Gottinger Hand-
kommentar sum Alien Testament (Gottingen, 19 10). After an
introduction dealing with the origin of the Pentateuch and the
literary character of the legendary material he gives the texts of
the various stories embodied in the Book of Genesis, together with
comments and detailed analysis of the various elements that go
to make up the story. Four different types of print are employed
for the sources (J, E, P, and interpolations). An exhaustive sub-
ject index accompanies the work.

Ryle's Genesis ** rests on the foundation of BibUcal criticism.
In the division of sources he follows Driver, Gunkel, and Skinner.
The notes are profuse, swelling the book to goodly proportions.
An introduction deals with name, contents, composition, docu-
ments, literary materials, historical value, religious teaching, moral
difficulties, and divine names in Genesis. Special topics such as
comparative texts and accounts in the literatures of Babylon and
Egypt are treated in a series of appendices. Not the least useful

*' The Book of Genesis. In the Revised Version. With Introduction
and Notes by Herbert E. Ryle, D.D. ( The Cambridge Bible for Schools and
Colleges.) Cambridge: at the University Press, 1914. pp. lxviii + 478.

RECENT BIBLICAL LITERATURE — REIDER 227

are the six plates in the body and two maps at the end of the
book.

Professor Brightman presents the three important sources of
the Hexateuch/' J, E, and P, in a connected form and in natural
divisions bearing subject titles. The fourth source, D, is omitted,
because it is continuous in the Bible and may be studied without
serious interruption in the Books of Deuteronomy. Needless to
say, the author follows Graf-Kuenen-Wellhausen in his analysis of
the sources. His immediate guide is, of course, Driver's Intro-
duction. His own contribution is small, consisting of one general
introduction to the work as a whole and three special introduc-
tions to the three sources. These and the notes accompanying
the text are mostly explanatory and advance no new theories.
They might have been more elaborate : Wiener and Dahse,
though answering his definition of scholar or critic, fail to receive
due consideration, probably because as opponents to higher
criticism they disturb what he styles ' the consensus of scholar-
ship'. Holler's effort at refutation of the critical theory is not
mentioned at all. Hardly reliable is his statement (p. 10, note)
that non-Christians have made no contribution to pentateuchal
criticism : every treatise on the subject (cp., e.g., Holzinger's
Einkitung in den HexateucK) starts out with Ibn Ezra and Spinoza,
both having hinted at the non-Mosaic authorship of the Penta-
teuch, the latter going so far as to assume a variety of docu-
ments.

Dr. Grape's book"" belongs to the polemic and apologetic
literature called forth by the aggression of materialism towards
the end of last century. The author attacks the pithecanthropoid
theories of the natural scientists, notably Darwin and Haeckel,

*' The Sources of the Hexateuch. J, E, and P, in the text of the American
Standard Edition, according to the consensus of scholarship, edited with
introductions and notes. By Edgak Sheffield Brightman, Ph.D. New
York : The Abingdon Press, [1918]. pp. 395.

50 Urmensch, Paradies, Ebenbild GoUes. Eine apologetische Studie von
Dr. phil. J. Grape. Halle (Saale) : Richard MiJHLMANN, Verlagsbuch-

HANDLUNG, I9I3. pp. Viii + 167.

228 THE JEWISH QUARTERLY REVIEW

and endeavours to prove that man, far from being descended
from the ape, was created in the image of God, at least as far as
his spiritual being is concerned. Indeed, the assertion is made
that man, rather than succeeding the ape in point of develop-
ment, actually precedes him. Of course, this and other state-
ments, though well argued, lack the backing of adequate proof
and well-authenticated data such as we find among the opposing
school of naturalists.

Schenz's commentary on the Book of Joshua^' serves its
purpose as a text-book for Catholic students. It contains no
new information of importance. In the identification of the
various localities the author is guided by the publications of the
Palestine Exploration Pund. The notes and comments are
separated from the German text and placed in the back of the
book. Hebrew words which are explained in the notes are often-
times misprinted. A good map of Palestine accompanies the
volume.

The high character and excellent tenor of the Cambridge
Bible for Schools and Colleges is too well known to need detailed
comment here. Suffice it to say that Cooke, in his commentaries
on Judges *' and Ruth,^* follows the same standard of scientific
treatment and accurate exegesis as his predecessors and collabo-
rators. The clearness of argument and precision of statement
are very palatable to an age suffering from literary dyspepsia and
an accumulation of voluminous tracts of a doubtful import.

What a vast amount of erudition and thorough scholarship

51 Das Buck Josua erklart von Wilhelm Schenz. Mit i Karte. {Kurz-
gefasster wissenschafilicher Kommentar su den Heiltgen Schnften des Alten
Teslamenies auf Veranlassung der Leo-Gesellschaft . . . herausgegeben von
Dr. Bernhard Schafer und Dr. P. Erasmus Nagel. Abteilung I, Band 2.)
Wien : Mayer & Co., 1914. pp. xxviii + 134.

"'^ The Book of Judges in the Revised Version, with introduction and
notes by G. A. Cooke, D.D. {The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges.)
Cambridge : at the University Press, 1913. pp. xlii + 204.

'3 The Book of Ruth in the Revised Version, with introduction and notes
by G. A. Cooke, D.D. {The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges.)
Cambridge : at the University Press, 1913. pp. xvii + 22.

RECENT BIBLICAL LITERATURE — REIDER 229

is displayed in Burney's commentary on Judges ! " Indeed, it
is not merely a commentary, but also a storehouse of information
on the political, social, and religious history of the Israelites
during the conquest of Canaan. It is undoubtedly the most
ambitious book of its kind in English, and, owing to its freshness
and modernity in every line of research, is bound to form
a formidable competitor to even Moore's excellent book on the
subject. Especially imposing is the historical investigation which
occupies a goodly portion of the book. One mere paragraph in
the well-proportioned introduction, dealing with the external
information bearing on the period of Judges, occupies sixty-three
pages, and constitutes a creditable treatise in itself. However,
the philological notes are not less instructive, and recall to us the
author's earlier work on Kings. The late Dr. Driver established
a standard for English commentators on the Bible, which fortu-
nately is being upheld by his pupils and followers, all of whom
aim as much as possible at originality in treatment, lucidity of
argument, and truthfulness of statement. It is these pre-eminent
qualities that distinguish the present work and place it on a
high pedestal of perfection. The smallest detail is treated with
the same degree of carefulness as the things of greater importance,
and nothing is omitted to make the book serviceable and useful
to everybody. Thus there are a series of indices, maps, and
plates, which facilitate ready reference to such a bulky work.
A noteworthy innovation is a group of additional notes sliced in
between sections and dealing in a general way with various
phenomena during the period of Judges. Such are : External
Evidence for the use of the terms ' Canaan ' and ' The Land of
the Amorite'; Sedek as a Divine Name; the Meaning of the
Name ' Kiriath-Arba ' ; the Conquest of the Negeb ; the Original
Form of J's Account of the Settlement of the Tribes of Israel in
Cana'an ; a Detailed Examination of the Rhythm of the Song of
Deborah ; the Climactic Parallelism of the Song of Deborah ;

5* The Book of Judges, with introduction and notes. Edited by the
Rev. C. F. BuRNEY, D.Litt. London : Rivingtons, 1918. pp. ccxxviii +
528 + V maps -t- vi plates.

230 THE JEWISH QUARTERLY REVIEW

the Language of the Song of Deborah ; Yahweh or Yahu origin-
ally an Amorite Deity ; Early Identification of Yahweh with the
Moon-god ; the Use of Writing among the Israelites at the Time
of the Judges ; Human Sacrifice among Israelites ; the Women's
Festival of Judges 11. 40; the Mythical Elements in the Story of
Samson ; and the Origin of the Levites. Each one of these notes
is an essay in itself, and some are quite lengthy and exhaustive.
Whenever a point is mooted and no apodictic conclusion can
be arrived at, the author is careful to present all sides of the
question without committing himself to any one of them. The
translation of the Hebrew is new and based on the most advanced
stage of literary criticism. In emending the masoretic text the
author steers a middle course between conservatism and radicalism.
Noteworthy is his view that Deuteronomy, which re-echoes in the
Book of Judges, originated in the prophetic school of the northern
not southern, kingdom (see Introduction, p. xlvi, note). A further
elaboration of this point of view is promised in a future work
entitled The Prophetic School of Northern Israel and the Mosaic
Tradition

Driver's Notes on Samuel^' which enjoy a high reputation
among Biblical scholars and students, had been exhausted for
quite a while, hence the new edition. It goes without saying
that the work has been brought up to date, and that all the
research that was accumulated during the last quarter of a century
— the first edition appeared in 1890 — is mirrored in it. Even
the latest Aramaic papyri are taken cognizance of. This explains
the increase in volume by 100 pages. Not only have new notes
been added on intricate points of philology and idiom, for which
the book is justly famed, but also a new element, a discussion of
the topography of Samuel, has been introduced, with the requisite
elucidating maps borrowed from the Palestine Exploration Fund.

*■' Notes on the Hebrew Text and the Topography of the Books of Samuel.
With an introduction on Hebrew Palaeography and the Ancient Versions
and facsimiles of inscriptions and maps. By the Rev. S. R. Driver, D.D.
Second edition, revised and enlarged. Oxford : at the Clarendon Press,
1913. pp. XX + xcvi + 390.

RECENT BIBLICAL LITERATURE — REIDER 23I

Moreover, references have been adjusted to the latest editions of
the works referred to, and the index has been made more useful
through enlargement. The critical attitude of the author remains
the same as in the first edition : he adheres to conservative
exegesis, abstaining from conjectural emendations which rest
upon arbitrary and insufficient grounds. It is this quality,
coupled with the modernity, that will make this edition even
more valued than its predecessor.

Truyols^" registers the textual criticism bearing on the first
fifteen chapters of i Samuel. He adds very little himself, except
a lucid way of presentation and clear exposition.

Staerk's theme °' concerns the Ebed-Yahwe songs in Deutero-
Isaiah (chs. 40-55), which he treats with a thoroughness unknown
heretofore. Not only does he discuss the problem in its full
historical significance, and cite all the authorities on interpreta-
tion, but he also gives a new translation of the text with critical
notes. In the latter he quotes Ehrlich very frequently. As to
the meaning of the term Ebed-Yahwe, he retracts his previous
endorsement of Sellin's view of an individual servant of Yahwe,
and adopts the collective theory of Giesebrecht and Budde,
according to which Israel as a nation is meant. Great erudition
is shown in dealing with the organic connexion between the first
(chs. 40-48) and second (chs. 49-55) group of hymns.

Virgil's Messianic Eclogue has been and still is the battle-
ground of commentators, who fail to agree as to the nature of
the prophesied Messiah. As in the case of Isaiah, some think
that it bears reference to a definite person, be it the child of
Octavian and Scribonia, the son of Pollio, or, in the opinion
of the Christian Church, Jesus of Nazareth ; while others believe

°^ I Sam. 1-1} : Crilica textual por A. Fernandez Truyols, S.I. {JEstudios
de Critica Textual y Literaria. Fasc. II.) Roma : Pontificio Instituto
BiBLico, 1917. pp. viii + 94.

^' Die Ebedjahwe-Lieder in Jesaja 40 ff. Ein Beitrag zur Deuterojesaja-
Kritik von. Dr. W. Staerk. (Beitrage zur Wissenschaft vom Alien Testa-
ment. Herausgegeben von Rudolf Kittel. Heft 14.) Leipzig : J. C.

HiNRICHS'SCHE BuCHHANDLUNG, I9I3. pp. iv + 14a.

232 THE JEWISH QUARTERLY REVIEW

that the Roman nation as a whole is meant. On one point
scholars are agreed, viz. that the Latin bard must have been
influenced by a Greek translation of the Messianic prophecies of
the great Hebrew prophet, for not only does he imitate in this
eclogue Hebrew thought, but also Hebrew rhythm. Interesting
it is that Mr. Royds '' goes back to the old view that both Isaiah
and Virgil predicted the coming of Jesus, and this in spite of the
authoritative summary of Joseph B. Mayor, W. Warde Fowler,
and R. S. Conway, who reached the conclusion that Virgil's
expected Messiah can be no other than one of the Caesars
(Virgil's Messianic Eclogue, its Meaning, Occasion, and Sources,
1907). The animus of the author is expressed in his statement
that the Pharisees looked for a militarist Messiah (p. 54) and his
comparison of Judaism with the Prussian form of Christianity
(p. 22). Besides the discussion of the problem, there is a new
metrical translation of the Eclogue followed by a rendering into
Biblical prose. Also the second Georgic from line 458 to the end
is offered in Latin and English metre, as it bears on the subject
of Messianic prophecies. An appendix at the end of the book
registers all the Messianic passages in Isaiah.

Mowinckel "' follows the lead of Gunkel in giving a detailed
literary analysis of the Book of Jeremiah. He starts out with
the assertion that, contrary to the traditional view, there is no
unity, no definite plan in this composite book. He points out
a number of parallel passages in order to support his view that
the redactor of the book operated with several independent
sources, so-called collections of Jeremianic oracles. He then
proceeds to establish his thesis that the original book of Jeremiah
consisted of the first forty-five chapters only, the rest being a later
anonymous appendix, somewhat like the last twenty-six chapters

68 Virgil and Isaiah. A Study of thePollio, with translations, notes, and
appendices, by Thomas Fletcher Royds, B.D. Oxford: B. H. Blackwell,
1918. pp. xiii + I2S.

^° Zur Komposttion des Buches Jeremia. Von Sigmund Mowinckel
{Videnskapsselskapets Skri/ter. II. Hist.-filos. Klasse. 1913. No. 5).
Kristiania : Jacob Dybwad, 1914. pp. 68.

RECENT BIBLICAL LITERATURE — REIDER 233

of Isaiah. The original book, the author argues, is composed of
four distinct literary sources, which he labels A, B, C, D. The
first source, A, consists of oracles, and is embodied in the first
twenty-five chapters ; it is authentic, and strongly metrical. B is
made up of narratives, mostly personal relating to Jeremiah, and
is found mainly in chapters subsequent to 25 ; it is prose
throughout. Under C are comprised all larger orations, Deute-
ronomistic in character, and usually monotonous. D includes
only one long passage — 30. 4-31. 26 — which the author declares
to be anonymous and in contradiction to the tenor of Jeremiah
proper. Minor passages, supposedly inconsistent, are ascribed to
the various editors or redactors, such as R'*^, R'^, R*-, R°, and
R"^, R"^'^, R"'^'^". A and B were redacted in Egypt about
580-480, first independently, and then in combination. C was
redacted either in Babylon or Palestine about 400, and was
subsequently interwoven with AB. Then D was added, and
finally the anonymous appendix at the end of the book. The
whole book in its present shape must have been edited prior to
165, since the prophecy of 70 years is presupposed as Jeremianic
in the Book of Daniel. The analysis is interesting and logically
consistent, though it fails to convince. Despite the onslaughts
of modern criticism tradition has the advantage of solidity and
massiveness which, even if it lacks coherence, is far superior to
the process of dissolution of the critics. Logic is net an all-
important factor in the construction of the various books of the
Bible. Besides, even assuming that there are various literary
strata in the book, there is no reason whatever why Jeremiah
could not have produced them at various periods in his life.
Every man in his career is subject to different influences, and
even such a bitter-hearted prophet as Jeremiah may be assumed
to have changed his tone once in a while from castigation to
consolation, and consequently to have changed his phraseology.

Jean ^ presents a treatment of Jeremiah's political stand and
theological convictions. Ample illustrations are furnished from

*" Jeremie, sa politique, sa iheologie. [Par] F. Charles Jean. Paris :
Victor Lecoffre, 1913. pp. xii + 86.

234 THE JEWISH QUARTERLY REVIEW

the text of the prophet. An introduction deals succinctly with
the actual condition of the masoretic text and its relation to the
abbreviated Greek version of the Septuagint.

Breuer's cornmentary on Jeremiah "' is composed in the
orthodox spirit of Samson Raphael Hirsch, whose commentary
on the Pentateuch it tries to emulate not only in content but also
in form. The masoretic text is given in one column and a German
translation in the other; the commentary below follows Jewish
authorities only, ignoring altogether the researches of higher
criticism. It is to be regretted that the author did not see fit to
include an introduction to the prophecies of Jeremiah.

Cassuto^'^ deals with the prophecies of Jeremiah concerning the
Gentiles (chaps. 25, 46-51), which latter-day critics and exegetes
like Duhm and Stade consider as later additions and hence
unauthentic. The author's purpose is to prove that all these
sections are genuine and well- placed, that they are in keeping
with the trend of those fateful days and with the character of the
great prophet. After discussing very minutely verses 5 and 10 of
the first chapter, which serve, as it were, as an introduction to
Jeremiah's function as an international prophet, and also the
related passage in 9, 24-25, the author goes over to chapter 25,
which he treats at great length, both textually and historically,
and proves conclusively that it belongs to Jeremiah. A similar
treatment of chaps. 46-51 is reserved for the future.

Richter's comments and explanations^' are nothing but violent
emendations of the masoretic text, usually disfigured to fit the
fancy of the author. Here and there he offers a good suggestion,

•* rTDT" "IS5D. Das Buck Jirmejah, iibersetzt und erlauteit von Dr.
Joseph Breueb. Frankfurt a. M. : Sanger & Friedberg, 1914. pp. vi + 396.

^2 Le profezie di Geremia relative aigentili, per Umberto Cassuto. Estratto
del Giornale delta Societa Asiatica Ilaliana. Volume ventottesimo, 1916.
pp. 81-152.

" ErlSuterungen su dunkeln Stellen in den Kleinen Propheten. Von
Georg RicHTER. {Beitrage sur Forderung christlicher Theologie. . . Acht-
zehnter Jahrgang, 1914. Drittes und viertes Heft.) Giitersloh : T. Bertels-
mann, 1914. pp. 199.

RECENT BIBLICAL LITERATURE — REIDER 235

as in the arrangement of Ob. 5 f., but on the whole his remedies
are far-fetched and impossible. As an example may serve his
emendation of the perplexing sentence Hos. 5, 2, where he reads :
D|>3 -nob D's<3i5D 'sy =iD'K'an t3B'sn. The masoretic text is bad
enough, but what should one make out of the substituted phrase ?
The author, on a par with other modern exegetes, assumes that
the ancient scribes or copyists of the Bible were ignoramuses and
could hardly distinguish between one letter and another. He
forgets that these men were learned in Hebrew lore and probably
knew the Biblical text by rote.

77ie Bible for Home and School^ as the editor states in the
general introduction, ' is intended to place the results of the best
modern Biblical scholarship at the disposal of the general reader '.
This aim it fulfils in an eminent degree, as may be seen from the
volumes that appeared so far. Dr. Smith's volume is not an
exception to the rule. It contains thorough but brief introduc-
tions, brief comments on the text giving only the assured results
of historical investigation and criticism, and the most essential
textual notes. The text is that of the Revised Version of r88i,
supplemented with better readings from other versions. The
book should prove useful to the Christian layman.

The Volksschriften Uber die judische Religion "' are a splendid
series of short and popular writings on numerous phases of the
Jewish religion. The enterprise has proved its worth during the
first year of its existence, when six booklets, each written by an
authority on the subject, made their appearance. The present
number on the prophets Amos and Hosea follows the same
principle of popularization. First comes a picture of the political
and religious conditions in those days. Then follows comments

^* A Commentary on the Books of Amos, Hosea, and Micah. By John
Merlin Powis Smith, Ph.D. {The Bible for Home and School, Shailer
Mathews, General Editor.) ^few York: The Macmillan Company, 1914.
pp. X + 216.

" Die Propheten Amos und Hosea. Von Dr. Ignae Ziegler. [Volks-
schriften Uber die judische Religion, herausgegeben von Dr. I. Ziegler,
Karlsbad.) Frankfurt a. M. : J. Kauffmann, 1913. pp. 54.

VOL. XII. li

236 THE JEWISH QUARTERLY REVIEW

on the prophets themselves, supported by extracts from their
writings. A few explanatory notes to the text of Hosea are added
at the end.

The Soci^t^ Biblique de Paris celebrated its centenary by
issuing a new translation of the Bible, of which the present book
of Amos is a specimen."' It aims to give a scrupulously faithful
rendering, based on the best witnessses of the Hebrew text ;
a limited number of notes explaining textual difficulties ; and a
series of introductions giving a summary history of the various
books. Of course, the method followed is critical even to the
point of printing supposed glosses in small print and indicating
all kinds of additions and lacunae. The usefulness of such a
diminutive and yet thoroughly critical edition cannot be gainsaid,
and it will surely add to the credit of the society whose work in
the interest of the Bible has always been characterized by great
zeal and high fervour.

Peiser's study" is purely philological and follows that of
Habakuk in MVAG., Vol. VIII (1903). He subjects the text
of Hosea to a minute analysis and searching criticism, eliminating
at will words and passages which, in his opinion, are incoherent
and illogical. Hence the reconstructed text is much shorter, but
who can tell that it is the original ? One is hardly justified in
looking for logical sequence in the Holy Writ, especially in the
prophetic writings. The author's arrangement of the masoretic
text on the left page and the reconstructed text with the separated
glosses on the right side must be recommended, as it enables one
to see at a glance points of variation. The texts and comments
are followed by a discussion of the origin and later development
of the book of Hosea.

After quoting all the conjectures concerning the puzzling

" Le Livre du ProphHe Amos. Extrait de la Bible du Centenaire
preparee par la Society Biblique de Paris. Traduction nouvelle d'aprfes les
meilleurs textes, avec introduction et notes. Paris : Socij^te Biblique,
1913. pp. xxxii + 28.

'^ Hosea. Philologische Studien zum Alten Testament Von Felix E.
Peiser. Leipzig : J. C. Hihrichs'sche Buchhandlung, 1914. pp. ix + 88.

RECENT BIBLICAL LITERATURE— REIDER 237

Elkosh, the birthplace of the prophet Nahum, Cassuto *' adduces
the Arabic commentary of Yephet ben Ali in support of the
theory that the place was situated in southern Judea, near Gaza.
He follows (though having arrived at the conclusion indepen-
dently) G. A. Smith in identifying it with the Arabic Umm-Lakis,
a village half-way between Gaza and Eleutheropolis, which, prior
to the excavation of Tell-el-Hezy , was oftentimes confused with
Biblical Lakish. Vmm, ' place where ', precedes names of localities,
and as to the initial X, it might have fallen away or else it repre-
sents a false etymology based on an assumption of Umm-el-Lakis.
David Baron, like the late Adolph Saphir, belongs to the
sect of Jewish Christians whose purpose it is to conciliate
the Jews to Christianity. His bulky book'' is a reprint from The
Scattered Nation, the Quarterly Record of the Hebrew Christian
Testimony to Israel, where the author published ' Notes on
Zechariah' for a number of years. In its present form it is
preceded by a foreword by Prebendary H. E. Fox, who empha-
sizes the author's 'sanctified scholarship and racial intuition'.
The commentary, while pretending to be expository, is really
homiletic and anything but scientific. It contains too much of
missionary effusions and very few common-sense interpretations.
Kimhi and other mediaeval Jewish commentators are quoted
here and there, but they are made to serve the author's purpose
of Christianization. Quotations from other commentators of the
orthodox school are very extensive and serve to cover the author's
lack of originality. In his introduction and throughout the book
the writer defends the unity of authorship and the post-exilic
date of the entire book. Zechariah's visions are interpreted in
a truly Christian manner; and as to the poetical sections,
chaps. 9-1 1 are made to refer to the victories of Alexander the

** QuestioncelU bibliche : la patria del profeta Nahum. Per Umberto
Cassuto. Estratto del Giornale della Socieid Asiaiica Italiana. Volume
ventiseiesimo. Parte Seconda. Firenze, 1914. pp. 291-302.

*' The Visions and Prophecies of Zechariah : ' The Prophet of Hope and
of Glory'. An exposition by David Baron. London : Morgan & Scoit
Ltd., 1918. pp. xii + 554.

Ra

238 THE JEWISH QUARTERLY REVIEW

Great, the overthrow of the Persian Empire, the advent of the
Messiah and his rejection by Israel, while chaps. 12-14 ^^^
construed as eschatological and apocalyptic in character, alluding
to a distant future, no longer distant now, when recalcitrant Israel
will be redeemed. The book is well indexed. The text is not
free from misprints.

The text of the Psalter J° is reproduced from Hetzenauer's
edition of the Latin Bible, and only a few minor changes are
introduced. Sparse notes of an explanatory nature are given at
the end of the book, followed by a brief vocabulary and examples
of mottoes and phrases derived from the Vulgate Psalter. An
introduction deals with the history of the Vulgate in general and
that of the Psalter in particular.

Goossens' dissertation" deals with the mooted question as to
the existence of Maccabean psalms in the Psalter. It offers an
exhaustive historical survey of the whole problem from the Church
Fathers down to the latest exegetes and theologians, stating the
reasons in great detail. As a work of reference, therefore, it is
highly useful. But the author has no new contribution to make.
As a member of the Catholic Church he ranges himself on the
negative side of the question, believing that the canon was closed
before the Maccabean period. There is a fairly good bibUography.
The lack of an index in a work of this kind is a considerable
drawback.

Driver's Studies in the Psalms''^ are a series of essays and
sermons on the Psalter which the late author, according to the
editor in his preface, wished to be brought together and published

™ The Vulgate Psalter, with introduction, notes, and vocabulary. By
A. B. Macauiay, M.A., and James Brebner, M.A. London & Toronto :
J. M. Dent & Sons, Ltd., 1913. pp. xxiii + 24a.

" Die Frage nach makkabaischen Psalmen. Von Dr. theol. E. Goossens.
{Alttestamentliche Abhandlungen herausgegeben von Prof. Dr. J. Nikel,
Breslau. V. Band, 4. Heft.) Munster in W. : Aschendorffsche Verlags-

BUCHHANDLUNG, I9I4. pp. xii + 72.

■ra Studies in the Psalms. By the late S. R. Driver, D.D. Edited, with
a Preface, by C. F. Burney, D.Litt. London : Hodder & Stoughton, 1915.
pp. xii + 306.

RECENT BIBLICAL LITERATURE — REIDER 239

in a volume. The two most important articles had already
appeared in print : ' The Prayer Book Version of the Psalter ' is
derived from the Prayer Book Dictionary, while ' The Method of
Studying the Psalter' comes from the Expositor of January- July,
19 10. The sermons, on the other hand, had not been published
heretofore. Needless to say, the volume, like all the works of the
veteran Biblical scholar, is refreshing in the highest degree, both
on account of its lucidity of argument and purity of diction. In
his discussion on the method of studying the Psalter he gives
a detailed exposition of some Messianic Psalms, viz. 2, 45, 72,
no, 40, 22, 16, and shows why they are late, in most cases post-
exilic, and why they cannot be applied to the person of Jesus.
The sermons are built on the following Psalms : 109 (imprecatory),
8, 15, 72, and 73. There is a good deal of repetition which may
be unavoidable under the circumstances. The editor should be
complimented for the great care he gave to the work and for the
index.

Professor Eiselen is forging ahead with his Biblical Introduc-
tion Series.'^ The first volume on the Pentateuch was well
received owing to the simplicity of style and the lucidity of
argument. The present volume on the Kethubim or Hagiographa
follows the same aim and principle, viz. to give a scholarly and
authoritative, yet plain and non-technical introduction to par-
ticular books of the Old Testament, and it is safe to say that it
will get the same reception as its predecessor. The volume opens
with a chapter on Hebrew poetry, well conceived and well written.
Likewise there is a chapter on the Wisdom literature of the
Hebrews, preceding the Book of Proverbs. Very interesting is
an appendix on the bilingual character of the Book of Daniel,
where the author, in his usual fair-minded way, presents all the
views of scholars and critics on the subject. Another appendix
deals with the First Book of Esdras as found in the Septuagint.
Altogether the book, though lacking originality, is interesting,

'^ The Psalms and Other Sacred Writings : their origin, contents, and
significance. By Frederick Carl Eiselen. {Biblical Introduction Series.)
New York : The Methodist Book Concern, 1918. pp. 348.

240 THE JEWISH QUARTERLY REVIEW

and will form a convenient text-book for students and laymen
generally.

Viblette'* describes a pilgrimage to the Fountain of David
and to the City of Bethlehem which serves to illustrate very
vividly every line and sentence of the great psalm of Faith. The
narrative, interspersed with poetical quotations, appears to be a
mixture of fact and fancy.

McFadyen's '^ is a companion volume to his earlier work The
Psalms in Modern Speech and Rhythmical Form. As in the latter,
the author gives a translation into EngUsh metre, followed by
exegetical notes on more complicated points. His attitude is
critical, following higher criticism in omitting obscure and un-
intelligible passages and in emending difficult words. This
method of procedure, though not commendable in a popular
work, is yet legitimate ; but the author fails to point out drastic
departures from the masoretic text, nor does he cite authorities
for such disparities.

Hudal presents the Catholic view with regard to the composi-
tion of the Book of Proverbs. '* From an investigation into the
religious and moral ideas of the book he aims to determine that
it belongs to the pre-exilic literature of Israel, and is ' one of the
subUmest monuments of the religion of Israel '. With this aim
in view he analyses the text very minutely, quoting not only
Catholic but also non-Catholic authorities in his refutation of the
literary critics of the rational school. His conclusions are that
neither the religious nor the ethical concepts of Proverbs require
a post-exilic date; that the term 'wisdom' therein, both in its
subjective and objective application, differs essentially from that

'* In Palestine with the Twenty-third Psalm. By E. E. Violette.
Cincinnati : The Standard Pubushing Company, 1918. pp. 68.

'* The Wisdom Books (Job, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes), also Lamentations
and the Song of Songs, in Modem Speech and Rhythmical Form. By John
Edgar McFadyen, D.D. London : James Clarke & Co., 1918. pp. 288.

" Die religiosen uttd sittlichen Ideen des Spruchbuches. Kritisch-exegetische
Studie von Dr. Alois Hudal. {Scripta Pontificii Instituti Biblici.) Rom:
Verlag des papstl. Bibel-Instituts, 1914. pp. xxviii + 261.

RECENT BIBLICAL LITERATURE— REIDER 24I

found in Hellenistic or Buddhistic literature; that the moral
principles enunciated in this book are conditioned by the legis-
lation of the early Israelitic kingdom ; that the proverbs in their
present form exhibit nothing more nor less than a practical
philosophy of life such as could be evolved among any well-
constituted and self-conscious nation, without any outside
influence whatever; that the background of these pithy sayings
is a national and independent community such as we find among
the early kings of Israel. The author brushes aside the linguistic
argument in the same bold way : the Aramaisms in the book are
either corruptions or else hapax legomena whose meaning cannot
be ascertained. He admits, however, that it is not impossible
that there were later additions, and he characterizes some Aramaic
passages as such. On the whole his arguments are elaborate,
though they sometimes lack due weight and proper authority. It
is to his credit that he makes use of Jewish and Protestant writers
to a great extent.

The Book of Job, owing to its peculiar form, has attracted
wide speculation as to its archetype. From time immemorial
scholars tried to trace its origin to one foreign country or another,
claiming that the ancient Hebrews themselves had no sense for
this type of literature, and hence must have derived it from some
outside source. Now Dr. Kallen " believes that the Book of Job is
a Greek tragedy in Hebrew, specifically modelled after Euripides.
This theory of Greek ancestry is not new. As Prof. Moore
points out in his learned introduction, it was advanced as early as
the beginning of the fifth century by Theodore of Mopshuestia,
an astute teacher of the ancient church and an iconoclast of
Biblical tradition, and was restated a thousand years later by
Theodore Beza in a course of lectures delivered in Geneva.
Kallen, however, adds a new element in ascribing to Job a speci-
fically Euripidean character, with its deus ex machina and its

'■^ The Book of Job as a Greek Tragedy, restored, with an introductory
essay on the original form and philosophic meaning of Job, by Horace Meyer
Kali-en, and an introduction by Professor George Foot Moore. New York :
Moffat, Yard & Co., 1918. pp. xii + 163.

242 THE JEWISH QUARTERLY REVIEW

Striking use of the chorus. He conceives of a Palestinian hakam
visiting Egypt or the Syrian coast about 400 before our era, and
witnessing there a play of Euripides, possibly Bellerophontes,
which resembles Job in story and expression. This hakam on
his return to Palestine undertakes to imitate the Greek play by
casting the legend of Job in its mould, including a prologue, agon,
messenger, choruses, epiphany, and an epilogue. The result is
a tragedy in four acts with three intervening choruses. Kallen
proceeds to reconstruct such a tragedy from the present Hebrew
text, not by radical emendations and excisions, but mainly through
transpositions and rearrangement of the text. Thus passages
which critics stamp as interpolations he assigns to the much
vaunted chorus, slicing them in between the acts : ch. 28 in
praise of wisdom is introduced after 14; ch. 24. 2-24 on the
oppressor and oppressed after 21; and ch. 40. 15-41, 26 on
Behemoth and Leviathan after 31. Elihu is the coryphaeus, his
speech being slightly condensed, while the Voice out of the
Whirlwind is the deus ex machina. Kallen accounts for the
present disarranged text by the conjecture that, when the Greek
form was noticed by the scribes, they displaced the choruses and
incorporated them within the argument in order to make them
less offensive. . This certainly is an ingenious hypothesis, and it
is significant that Prof. Moore styles it 'a serious hypothesis
which invites serious consideration from Biblical scholars and
students of literature '. However, with all its plausibility, its
verisimilitude is quite remote, not alone because of the incon-
gruity of the circumstances accompanying the authorship to
which Kallen has to resort, but more so on account of internal
evidence of the Book of Job itself. It has been noted more than
once that in style and diction Job resembles the great Arabic
classics, whose wealth of imagery and exuberance of phantasy
are hardly matched in Indo-European literatures. Moreover, the
range of ideas in the various dialogues is not such as could not
be developed independently by a Semitic people, whatever we
may say against their philosophical accomplishments. As to the
epic or dramatic form, it must be remembered that the argument

RECENT BIBLICAL LITERATURE — REIDER 243

exsikntio is not cogent. There may have been more dramatic
compositions in circulation among the Hebrews, which for some
reason or another were not included in the Bible. We must
remember that the canon as it came down to us represents only
a portion of ancient Hebrew literature, ' a survival of the fittest '.
Besides, Canticles is a dramatic poem on a par with Job ; and
yet it is intensely Jewish, both in subject matter and purity of
style. That it is of very late origin and bears resemblance to
the poems of Theocritus is not altogether sure. Wellhausen and
Driver still placed it in the tenth pre-Christian century ; and as
to resemblance, it is more akin to many Arabic than Greek
poems. Dalman's Paldstinischer Diwan is full of specimens of
this art. And yet many attempts had been made in the past to
dramatize Canticles and reduce it to a Greek level. Dr. Kallen
himself, it is evident from the preface, is very cautious in not
considering his thesis as anything but an hypothesis. In his
innermost heart a doubt seems to be lurking that perhaps there
is more fiction in it than truth, more romance than actual fact.
' I feel ', he says in the preface, ' that what I have set down in
this volume is sublimation of such conjecture concerning the
Book of Job as historic method permits. But contrariwise, it
may be — romance '. As a mere dramatization of Job the work
is commendable, though it exhibits some glaring anomalies.
Thus the addition of the Shema is, to say the least, puerile, while
some transpositions and rearrangements are quite precarious and
unwarranted. The change in Job's last speech (42. 6) introduced
for the sake of dramatic truth has no philological foundation
whatever. But perhaps we should not hold a philosopher
responsible for matters of philology. Indeed, the best part of
the book is the essay on the Joban Philosophy of Life wherein
Kallen shows himself a thinker along original and independent
lines.

Kaplan and Mohr " cherish a plan to make Hebrew literature

" ,T^^ ."inio .'•1 jNi'BNp fjor nso ntotripoi n-rwi nriDK nbio

244 THE JEWISH QUARTERLY REVIEW

more attractive through artistic illustrations based on Jewish
tradition. The Book of Esther, beautifully ornamented with
figures and vignettes in the Lilien style, is their initial step, and
bears great promise. The ornaments on the title-page are made
up of the letters O and X (initials of "inDX rhifo) in various com-
binations intertwined with myrtle wreaths (allusion to Esther's
Hebrew name Hadassah). In the middle of the page there is
a circle of twelve stars, alluding to the twelfth month Adar, and
within the circle a wreath of thorns pointing to the Midrash,
which says that every passage beginning with TTil deals with some
misery or tribulation. A Persian royal crown, two sceptres, and
a seal ring ornament the upper part, while the lower space con-
tains an inkwell, feather, and rolls of papyrus. The whole is very
tasteful. So are the six illustrations by the painter S. Mohr
accompanying the text. Very impressive is the first, showing
Mordecai in grief, the third representing Esther in her innocent
beauty, and the fifth showing Esther before the king begging
mercy for her people. The type is splendid, and leaves nothing
to be desired.

Hooper's book'" is 'dedicated in admiration and to the
honour of all our brave conscientious objectors who by their
defiance are defeating militarism '. This sympathy with the
conscientious objectors, i,ooo of whom are said to be in prison
in England for their unflinching belief and unswerving conviction,
is evident throughout the book. The doctrine of force, it seems
to be the author's opinion, is execrable in whatever shape or
form whether applied by one nation to another or by one class
of people to another. The purpose of the book is to prove that
Daniel is a Maccabean work, written during the turmoil of
Antiochus IV Epiphanes (about 165 B.C.) to console a terribly
persecuted people. Daniel is not historical but visionary. The
author discusses both the stories and visions of Daniel and their
relation to the so-called Maccabean psalms and the book of
I Maccabees. One chapter deals with the Zoroastrian elements

" Daniel and the Maccabees. By Edwin B. Hooper, M.A. With fore-
word by E. L. Hicks, D.D. London : C. W. Daniel Ltd., 1917. pp. 124.

RECENT BIBLICAL LITERATURE — REIDER 245

of Daniel, viz. the belief in angels and resurrection. Finally,
a parallel is drawn between the Maccabean struggle and the
present war of Europe : here like there a small nation is struggling
against a mighty empire, and now as before, God will not be found
on the side of the big batallions.

Dr. Szekely's Bibliotheca Apocrypha '" is a creditable and com-
mendable piece of work. Owing to its fullness of detail it should
prove useful to both teacher and pupil, though its Latin garb
must necessarily limit its wider use. The general introduction
deals with the use, origin, character, and teaching, especially the
eschatology of the Apocrypha, and winds up with an extensive
and almost exhaustive bibliography. The discussion is then
taken up of the Sibylline Oracles, which, though not strictly
BibHcal, are related to the Bible by reason of their prophetic
character. They are divided into Jewish, Christian, and profane
oracles. Other apocrypha treated are the Book of Henoch, the
Assumption of Moses, the Syriac Apocalypse of Baruch, Fourth
Esdi-as, the Book of Jubilees, Letters of Solomon, Third Esdras,
Third Maccabees, the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, the
Psalter of Solomon, the Prayer of Manasseh, Fourth Maccabees,
the Ascension of Isaiah, Fragments of lost apocrypha, and the
Book and Apocalypse of Elijah. The books known among
Protestants as deuterocanonical, like Ecclesiasticus and Tobit, are
omitted, since they are canonized in the Catholic Church and
are already included in the Vulgate. The scope of every book is
given in full outline : first comes a history and Uterature of the
work, then the contents in brief, and finally a discussion of the
literary character, origin and authorship, and the language of
the prototype. The author manifests great linguistic knowledge,
especially in dealing with the Book of Henoch and its multiple
versions. It is to be hoped that the second volume, which is to

'" Bibliotheca Apocrypha. Introductio historico-critica in libros apocryphos
utriusque testament! cum explicatione argumenti et doctrinae. Scripsit
Dr. Stephanus Szekely. Volumen primum : Introductio generalis, Sibyllae
et Apocrypha Vet. Test, antiqua. Friburgi Brisgoviae : B. Herder, 1913.
pp. viii + 512.

246 THE JEWISH QUARTERLY REVIEW

contain other minor apocrypha of the Old and all the apocrypha
of the New Testament, will soon make its appearance.

Schulte offers a thorough Catholic treatment of the apocry-
phal book of Tobit." The first half of the book is devoted to
textual criticism and a comparison of the various versions of
Tobit, while the second half constitutes a commentary, both
textual and exegetical, arranged by chapters. Some chapters are
supplemented by excursuses on some special topics. A good
bibliography accompanies the introduction. The author abstains
from theorizing and confines himself to a mere exposition of the
text and a summary of accomplished results. In doing this he
naturally leans towards Catholic expositors. He rejects the alle-
gorical interpretation of Anton Scholz and clings to the historical
character of Tobit as adopted by the Council of Trent. Still he
considers it as not impossible that there may have been an
allegorical meaning alongside with the historical. Of all the
versions and translations the Vulgate, the author believes, has
preserved the original text best. Jerome tells us that he used an
Aramaic text which was rendered for him into Hebrew. Appar-
ently this text was truer and more exact than the Aramaic text
underlying the Septuagint.

Paul Heinisch investigates the relation between Greek philo-
sophy and the Old Testament.'^ In a former brochure he
discussed this relation as reflected in the Biblical books that
originated in Palestine. Now he deals with' the influence of
Greek philosophy on the Septuagint and Book of Wisdom, which
in the Catholic Church forms part of the Old Testament canon.
He finds that this influence was rather superficial, extending

*' Beitrdge zur Erkldrung und Textkritik des Buches Tobias, von Dr.
Adalbert Schulte. {Biblische Siudien herausgegeben von Prof. Dr. O.
Bardenhewer in Miinchen. Neunzehnter Band, zweites Heft.) Freiburg
im Breisgau : Herdersche Verlagshandlung, 1914. pp. 145.

*2 Griechische Philosophie und Altes Testament. II. Septuaginta und Buch
der Weisheit. Von Dr. Paul Heinisch. {Biblische Zeitfragen, siebte Folge,
Hefts.) Erste und zweite Auflage. Miinster in Westf. : Aschendorffsche
Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1914. pp. 40.

RECENT BIBLICAL LITERATURE — REIDER 247

oftentimes to the borrowing of philosophical terminology but
never to the actual perception, not to say belief and conviction.

In a series of three lectures Naime " traces the development
of theological speculation in Alexandria as revealed in the Greek
Sirach, Wisdom, Philo, and the Epistle to the Hebrews. The
claim is made that there is a continuity between these various
products of Alexandria. From a blind faith based on a detached
divinity of the earlier Alexandrines was ultimately developed the
idea of the manhood of God and the doctrine of sacrifice. The
book is evidently a product of its time, preaching sacrifice to war-
torn and blood-bespattered mankind.

The Translations of Early Documents, initiated by the Society
for Promoting Christian Knowledge, are progressing apace. As
an introduction to the series Ferrar '* gives a bird's-eye view of all
the apocrypha and pseudepigrapha that originated within the
three most fateful centuries. It is a very brief introduction (27
books are covered by 100 small-sized pages), necessitating dog-
matic statements instead of lengthy discussions. Fortunately, his
summaries are based on the best authorities, notably Dr. Charles'
Apocrypha and Dr. Oesterley's The Books of the Apocrypha. The
Book of Jubilees^' is well edited from Charles' larger edition.
Likewise The Third Book of Maccabees?^ The Fourth Book of

*' The Alexandrine Gospel (Sirach, Wisdom, Philo, The Epistle to the
Hebrews). By the Rev. A. Nairne, D.D. {Liverpool Diocesan Board of
Divinity Publications, No. XVII.) London : Longmans, Green, & Co., 1917.
pp. 126.

'* The Uncanonical Jewish Books. A short introduction to the Apocrypha
and other Jewish writings 200 B. c.-a. d. 100. By William John Ferrar,
M.A. London : Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1918.
pp. 112.

'* The Book of Jubilees, or The Little Genesis. Translated from the
Ethiopic Text by R. H. Charles, D.Litt., D.D. With an introduction by
G. H. Box, M.A. {Translations of Early Documents. Series I : Palestinian
Jewish Texts.) London : Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge,
1917. pp. 224.

8« The Third {-Fourth) Book of Maccabees. By C. W. Emmet, B.D.
{Translations of Early Documents. Series II : Hellenistic-Jewish Texts.)
London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1918. pp. 46 + 76.

248 THE JEWISH QUARTERLY REVIEW

Maccabees, on the other hand, constitutes a new translation in a
fluent style patterned after the bombastic Greek. An introduc-
tion with the customary detail accompanies it. The Apocalypse of
Abraham,'" being here translated for the first time into English, is
accompanied by profuse notes and prefaced by a lengthy intro-
duction. The latter deals very learnedly with the contents of the
book, the Slavonic text, date of composition, the original language,
gnostic elements in the text, its theology and general importance,
and bibliography. The text of the composite Ascension ofJsaiah^'^
is that of Charles' translation published in 1900. The Rev. Box's
introduction is guided by the researches in Charles' most com-
plete and important edition of this book. Bate's translation of
the Jewish-Christian Sibylline Oracles '" is well done and deserves
commendation. It reads smoothly and fulfills the purpose of
a popular version. It is a fresh rendering from the Greek inde-
pendent of earlier editions. In some places it is superior to
Lanchaster's version in Charles' Apocrypha. The introduction
deals first with the Sibylline tradition in Greece and Rome and
then with the Jewish-Christian oracles, their analysis and date,
their doctrine and eschatology, and their place in early Christian
literature. There is also a note on the Nero legend as reflected
in these early religious sibyls. The translation of Joseph and
Asenath^ is made from M. Batiffol's edition of the complete

" The Apocalypse of Abraham. Edited, with a translation from the
Slavonic text and notes, by G. H. Box, M.A. With the assistance of
J. I. Landsman. {Translations of Early Documents. Series I : Palestinian
Jewish Texts.) London : SdciEXY for Promoting Christian Knowledge,
1918. pp. 100.

8' The Ascension of Isaiah. By R. H. Charles, D.Litt., D.D. With an
introduction by the Rev. G. H. Box, MA. {Translations of Early Documents.
Series I : Palestinian Jewish Texts.) London : Society for Promoting
Christian Knowledge, 191 7. pp. 62.

«» The Sibylline Orades. Books III-V. By the Rev. H. N. Bate, M.A.
( Translations of Early Documents. Series II : Hellenistic- Jewish Texts.)
London : Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1918. pp. 118.

'" Joseph and Asenath. The Confession and Prayer of Asenath, daughter
of Pentephres the Priest. By E. W. Brooks. {Translations of Early

RECENT BIBLICAL LITERATURE — REIDER 249

Greek and Latin texts, published in 1889-90 [Studio Fatristica,
fasc. I and TI). Here and there varia,nts are introduced to
improve the continuity of the narrative. Passages not contained
in the Greek text but found in other versions are recorded in an
appendix. The introduction summarizes the character and nature
of the work, as well as its origin and composition.

The Biblical Antiquities ascribed to Philo " is a curious work
and has a peculiar history about it. Like The Chronicles ofjerah-
meel, published by Dr. Gaster not long ago, it belongs to the class
of literature known as Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha which
flourished in Palestine in great abundance during the first century
of the new era. Many of these stories, which were circulated for
religious edification, were lost to the ■vyorld at an early date, and
are only now coming to light again in a secondary or tertiary
translation. Like The Book of Jubilees, The Antiquities was com-
posed in Hebrew, then translated into Greek, and finally a Latin
translation was made from the Greek : and of all these versions
only the Latin is extant. It was perpetuated in manuscript until
the sixteenth century, when it experienced five printed editions,
but since then it was relegated to oblivion and nothing was heard
of it. In 1893 the present translator, Dr. James, published four
Latin fragments of this apocryphal work in Texts and Studies,
II, 164 ff., not being aware of their earlier publication during the
sixteenth century and their ascription to Philo. Only in 1898 the
late Dr. Leopold Cohn, the well-known editor of Philo, in an
article in the J.Q.R., X, 277 ff., called attention to this long-
forgotten work, its import and contents, its origin and character-
istics. As Dr. Cohn points out, the book is a product of the end
of the first century c.e. That it could not have been written
before the destruction of the Second Temple is proved by a

Documents. Series II: Hellenistic-Jewish Texts.) London: Society for
Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1918. pp. 84.

w The Biblical Antiquities of Philo. Now first translated from the old
Latin version by M. R. James, Litt.D., F.B.A. {Translations of Early
Documents. Series I : Palestinian Jewish Texts.) London : Society for
Promoting Christian Knowledge, 191 7. pp. 280.

250 THE JEWISH QUARTERLY REVIEW

cryptic allusion to this event in the text, and moreover, its adop-
tion by the Christian Church shows that it could not have been
composed much later than 100 c.e. The Latin translation must
have been made in the fourth century, perhaps towards the end
of the third. The language, as Dr. Cohn shows, is a vulgar Latin
with many Graecisms and peculiar neologisms. It is closely
related to the idiom of the Itala, the old Latin translation of the
Bible, which was likewise made from the Greek, and Xo Jubilees,
Assumption of Moses, Ascension of Isaiah, and IV Esdras. The
work is ascribed to Philo because it always appeared in company
with genuine works of the Alexandrian philosopher, just as the
Fourth Book of Maccabees is often ascribed to Josephus because
it happened to be in the same manuscript with works of the
Jewish historian. As to the contents, it covers Bible history
from Adam to the death of Saul, but, as the translator points out
in his introduction, the original manuscript must have continued
the story to a much later date, probably down to the Babylonian
captivity. The character of the narrative is midrashic and hag-
gadic : the writer draws not only upon known but also unknown
haggadas and legends. Like the author of Chronicles he gives
elaborate genealogies, inventing many names to please his fancy.
Moreover, he supplements existing narratives, especially if these
are laconic in the Bible. Thus he invents many incidents in the
life of Kenaz, the first judge, who is only briefly mentioned in
the Bible. His source, though obscure and no longer to be
ascertained, must have been some kind of popular tradition.
His purpose, as stated above, is purely religious, and consists in
exhorting the people to imitate the good deeds of its leaders.
Dr. James' translation, the first translation into a modern tongue,
is based on a fairly representative selection of textual authorities
and may be said to be quite reliable. An attempt is made to
follow the idiom of the Authorized Version as closely as possible.
Passages taken verbatim from the Bible are identified and referred
to the source on the margin. Notes accompany the text, but
these are too meagre and not sufficient to elucidate obscure
passages Especially defective is the part dealing with the

RECENT BIBLICAL LITERATURE — REIDER 25 1

identification of legends in talmudic-midrashic literature, in which
the editor fails to go beyond the effort of Dr. Cohn. However,
it must be remembered that this is not a critical edition and that
the editor was limited in space. His best effort is found in
the long and learned introduction dealing with every phase of the
new apocryphon, and also in the appendix dealing with various
readings and corrupt passages. Another appendix on the vocabu-
lary of the Latin version is based mainly on Dr. Cohn's study
mentioned above. It is to be hoped that a critical edition of
the Latin text together with a translation will soon be published.

Joseph Reider.
Dropsie College.

VOL. XII.